Pre-pregnancy body mass index and parent and teacher-reported behavioral outcomes among offspring in childhood.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: Pre-pregnancy obesity has been linked to childhood neurodevelopmental outcomes, including autism and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. The aim of our study was to examine the association between pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) and scores on behavioral scales according to both mother and teacher report. METHODS: We conducted a longitudinal study of 469 mother-child pairs. Information on pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) was collected from standardized maternal interviews conducted after delivery and assessment of childhood behavioral problems was measured at 5-12 years of age according to maternal-report using the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and teacher-report using the Teacher Report Form (TRF). Using normal pre-pregnancy BMI (18.5-24.9 kg/m2) as the reference (n = 305), we calculated adjusted mean differences (MD) for t-scores on broadband and syndrome scales of behavior for children of mothers with pre-pregnancy overweight (n = 101) or obese (n = 63) BMI. We also examined associations with scores in the clinical range using risk ratios (RR) and compared results across informants. To account for loss to follow-up between the initial interview and the childhood behavioral assessment, we weighted models using stabilized inverse probability weights. RESULTS: Pre-pregnancy obesity was associated with a mean increase in child's total behavior problem t-scores according to both mother and teacher report, after adjustment for confounders and weighted for loss to follow-up (MD 0.7, 95% CI -2.2, 3.6 on CBCL; MD 3.1, 95% CI 0.5, 5.7 on TRF), indicating poorer behavioral outcomes. Comparing the magnitude of associations between mother and teacher-report, mean differences for pre-pregnancy obesity and most behavioral problem scales were larger for teacher-reported outcomes than mother-reported outcomes. Pre-pregnancy obesity was associated with increased risks of externalizing behaviors in the clinical range regardless of informant (CBCL RR 1.6, 95% CI 0.8, 3.2 and TRF RR 1.7, 95% CI 0.8, 3.5). Pre-pregnancy obesity was also associated with increased risks of internalizing behaviors according to teacher-report (TRF RR 2.6, 95% CI1.5, 4.6). CONCLUSIONS: Pre-pregnancy obesity, compared to pre-pregnancy normal weight, is associated with generally higher scores on both mother and teacher reported childhood behavioral assessments, indicating an increased likelihood of behavioral problems.