A Novel Quantum Dot-Based pH Probe for Long-Term Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy Experiments in Living Cells.

ABSTRACT

The use of two nanoparticles for quantitative pH measurements in live cells by means of fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) is investigated here. These nanoparticles are based on CdSe/ZnS quantum dots (QDs), functionalized with N-acetylcysteine (CdSe/ZnS-A) and with a small peptide containing D-penicillamine and histidine (CdSe/ZnS-PH). CdSe/ZnS-A has tendency to aggregate and nonlinear pH sensitivity in a complex medium containing salts and macromolecules. On the contrary, CdSe/ZnS-PH shows chemical stability, low toxicity, efficient uptake in C3H10T1/2 cells, and good performance as an FLIM probe. CdSe/ZnS-PH also has key advantages over a recently reported probe based on a CdSe/ZnS QD functionalized with D-penicillamine (longer lifetimes and higher pH-sensitivity). A pH(±2σ) of 6.97 ± 0.14 was determined for C3H10T1/2 cells by FLIM employing this nanoprobe. In addition, the fluorescence lifetime signal remains nearly constant for C3H10T1/2 cells treated with CdSe/ZnS-PH for 24 h. These results show the promising applications of this nanoprobe to monitor the intracellular pH and cell state employing the FLIM technique.