A Pseudo-Siamese Feature Fusion Generative Adversarial Network for Synthesizing High-Quality Fetal Four-Chamber Views.

Four-chamber (FC) views are the primary ultrasound(US) images that cardiologists diagnose whether the fetus has congenital heart disease (CHD) in prenatal diagnosis and screening. FC views intuitively depict the developmental morphology of the fetal heart. Early diagnosis of fetal CHD has always been the focus and difficulty of prenatal screening. Furthermore, deep learning technology has achieved great success in medical image analysis. Hence, applying deep learning technology in the early screening of fetal CHD helps improve diagnostic accuracy. However, the lack of large-scale and high-quality fetal FC views brings incredible difficulties to deep learning models or cardiologists. Hence, we propose a Pseudo-Siamese Feature Fusion Generative Adversarial Network (PSFFGAN), synthesizing high-quality fetal FC views using FC sketch images. In addition, we propose a novel Triplet Generative Adversarial Loss Function (TGALF), which optimizes PSFFGAN to fully extract the cardiac anatomical structure information provided by FC sketch images to synthesize the corresponding fetal FC views with speckle noises, artifacts, and other ultrasonic characteristics. The experimental results show that the fetal FC views synthesized by our proposed PSFFGAN have the best objective evaluation values: SSIM of 0.4627, MS-SSIM of 0.6224, and FID of 83.92, respectively. More importantly, two professional cardiologists evaluate healthy FC views and CHD FC views synthesized by our PSFFGAN, giving a subjective score that the average qualified rate is 82% and 79%, respectively, which further proves the effectiveness of the PSFFGAN.