Photo-Oxidation Mechanisms in Liquid Pharmaceutical Formulations: The Overlooked Role of Singlet Oxygen Presented as a Case Study.
Pharm Res
; 39(10): 2529-2540, 2022 Oct.
Article
en En
| MEDLINE
| ID: mdl-36131113
ABSTRACT
PURPOSE:
Oxidation is one of the most common degradation pathways for active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) in pharmaceutical formulations, mostly involving 1-electron processes via peroxy radicals and 2-electron processes by peroxides. In liquid pharmaceutical formulations, several factors can impact oxidative instabilities including pH, excipient impurities, headspace oxygen, and the potential for photo-oxidation. Photo-oxidation can be particularly challenging to characterize given the number of oxidative mechanisms which can occur. This was observed during formulation development of a new chemical entity, MK-1454, where a degradation peak was observed during photostability studies which was not previously observed during peroxide and peroxyradical forced stress studies.METHODS:
To gain a fundamental understanding of reactive oxygen species generation and its role in degradation of MK-1454, experiments were performed with materials which either generate or measure reactive oxygen species including organic hydroperoxides, singlet oxygen, and superoxide to fundamentally understand a photodegradation mechanism which was observed in the original formulation. LC-MS experiments further elucidated the structure and mechanism of this observed degradation pathway.RESULTS:
A clear relationship between the decrease in dissolved oxygen after light exposure and the loss of MK-1454 was established. The data indicate that singlet oxygen is the most likely contributor of a particular photodegradation product. The singlet oxygen was generated by the inactive ingredients in the formulation, and LC-MS confirm this as the most likely pathway.CONCLUSION:
This work highlights the importance of understanding photochemical degradation of APIs in solution formulations and provides approaches which can better elucidate those mechanisms and thereby control strategies.Palabras clave
Texto completo:
1
Colección:
01-internacional
Banco de datos:
MEDLINE
Asunto principal:
Oxígeno Singlete
/
Excipientes
Idioma:
En
Revista:
Pharm Res
Año:
2022
Tipo del documento:
Article
País de afiliación:
Estados Unidos