Direct toxicity of the herbicide florasulam against Chlorella vulgaris: An integrated physiological and metabolomic analysis.
Ecotoxicol Environ Saf
; 246: 114135, 2022 Nov.
Article
en En
| MEDLINE
| ID: mdl-36201917
ABSTRACT
Herbicides are the agents of choice for use in weed control; however, they can enter the aquatic environment, with potentially serious consequences for non-target organisms. Despite the possible deleterious effects, little information is available regarding the ecotoxicity of the herbicide florasulam toward aquatic organisms. Accordingly, in this study, we investigated the toxic effect of florasulam on the freshwater microalga Chlorella vulgaris and sought to identify the underlying mechanisms. For this, we employed a growth inhibition toxicity test, and then assessed the changes in physiological and metabolomic parameters, including photosynthetic pigment content, antioxidant system, intracellular structure and complexity, and metabolite levels. The results showed that treatment with florasulam for 96 h at the concentration of 2 mg/L, 2.84 mg/L, and 6 mg/L in medium significantly inhibited algal growth and photosynthetic pigment content. Moreover, the levels of reactive oxygen species were also increased, resulting in oxidative damage and the upregulation of the activities of several antioxidant enzymes. Transmission electron microscopic and flow cytometric analysis further demonstrated that exposure to florasulam (6 mg/L) for 96 h disrupted the cell structure of C. vulgaris, characterized by the loss of cell membrane integrity and alterations in cell morphology. Changes in amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, and the antioxidant system were also observed and contributed to the suppressive effect of florasulam on the growth of this microalga. Our findings regarding the potential risks of florasulam in aquatic ecosystems provide a reference for the safe application of this herbicide in the environment.
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Texto completo:
1
Colección:
01-internacional
Banco de datos:
MEDLINE
Asunto principal:
Chlorella vulgaris
/
Herbicidas
Tipo de estudio:
Prognostic_studies
Idioma:
En
Revista:
Ecotoxicol Environ Saf
Año:
2022
Tipo del documento:
Article