Enhanced denitrification of the AO-MBBR system used for expressway service area sewage treatment: A new perspective on decentralized wastewater treatment.

Decentralized wastewater treatment warrants considerable development in numerous countries and regions. Owing to the unique characteristics of high ammonia nitrogen concentrations and low carbon/nitrogen ratio, nitrogen removal is a key challenge in treating expressway service area sewage. In this study, an anoxic/oxic-moving bed biofilm reactor (A/O-MBBR) and a traditional A/O bioreactor were continuously operated for 115 days and their outcomes were compared to investigate the enhancement effect of carriers on the total nitrogen removal (TN) for expressway service area sewage. Results revealed that A/O-MBBR required lower dissolved oxygen, exhibited higher tolerance toward harsh conditions, and demonstrated better shock load resistance than traditional A/O bioreactor. The TN removal load of A/O-MBBR reached 181.5 g‧N/(m3‧d), which was 15.24% higher than that of the A/O bioreactor. Furthermore, under load shock resistance, the TN removal load of A/O-MBBR still reached 327.0 g‧N/(m3‧d), with a TN removal efficiency of above 80%. Moreover, kinetics demonstrated that the denitrification rate of the A/O-MBBR was 121.9% higher than that of the A/O bioreactor, with the anoxic tank biofilm contributing 60.9% of the total denitrification rate. Community analysis results revealed that the genera OLB8, uncultured_f_Saprospiraceae and OLB12 were the dominant in biofilm loaded on carriers, and OLB8 was the key for enhanced denitrification. FAPROTAX and PICRUSt2 analyses confirmed that more bacteria associated with nitrogen metabolism were enriched by the A/O-MBBR carriers through full denitrification metabolic pathway and dissimilatory nitrate reduction pathway. This study offers a perspective into the development of cost-effective and high-efficiency treatment solutions for expressway service area sewage.