How should we assess the cardiovascular system in patients presenting with bothersome nocturia? ICI-RS 2023.

AIMS: The link between nocturia and cardiovascular disease (CVD) is frequently discussed in literature, yet the precise nature of this relationship remains poorly characterized. The existing literature was reviewed in order to address issues concerning the origin, diagnosis, management, and implications of the co-occurrence of CVD and nocturia. METHODS: This review summarizes literature and recommendations regarding the link between CVD and nocturia discussed during a think-tank meeting held at the 2023 International Consultation on Incontinence-Research Society. RESULTS: Cardiovascular disorders are often underestimated contributors to nocturia, with various potential mechanisms influencing nighttime urination, such as impact on fluid retention, atrial natriuretic peptide, and glomerular filtration rate. The redistribution of fluid from leg edema in supine position can lead nocturnal polyuria (NP). Additionally, sleep disturbances due to nocturia in itself may lead to CVD through an increase in blood pressure, insulin resistance, and inflammation. Disrupted circadian rhythms (e.g., in sleep pattern and urine production) were identified as critical factors in most etiologies of nocturia, and their contribution is deemed imperative in future research and treatment approaches, particularly in the aging population. NP can be detected through a simple bladder diary and can even be used to distinguish cardiac from noncardiac causes of nocturia. For the treatment of NP, desmopressin can be effective in select patients, however, caution and close monitoring is warranted for those with CVD due to increased risk of side effects. CONCLUSIONS: Gaps were identified in the available evidence and clear cut recommendations were put forth for future research. It is essential to gain a deeper understanding of the mechanisms linking nocturia and CVD to develop optimal management strategies.