Managing a cyanobacteria harmful algae bloom "hotspot" in the Sacramento - San Joaquin Delta, California.

Cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (CHABs) have become a persistent seasonal problem in the upper San Francisco Estuary, California also known as the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta (Delta). The Delta is comprised of a complex network of open water bodies, channels, and sloughs. The terminus of the Stockton Channel is an area identified as a CHAB "hotspot." As CHABs increase in severity, there is an urgent need to better understand CHAB drivers to identify and implement mitigation measures that can be used in an estuarine complex like the Delta. We investigated water quality conditions and nutrient dynamics in the Stockton Channel by measuring nutrients in the water column, sediments, and pore waters. In situ nutrient addition bioassay experiments were used to assess the effects of nutrient enrichment on total algal/cyanobacterial growth and pigment concentrations. In both June and September, relative to unamended controls, total chlorophyll and cyanobacterial pigment concentrations were unaffected by nutrient additions; hence, the study area showed signs of classical hypereutrophication, with ambient nitrogen and phosphorus present in excess of algal growth requirements. A cyanobacterial bloom, dominated by Microcystis spp. was present throughout the study area but was most severe and persistent at the shallowest site at the channel terminus. At this site, Microcystis spp. created water quality conditions that allowed for a prolonged bloom from June through September. While targeted nutrient reductions are recommended for long term mitigation, on a shorter timescale, our findings suggest that physical/mechanical controls are the more promising alternative approaches to reduce the severity of CHABs in the terminus of the Stockton Channel.