Comprehensive Analysis of Contaminants in Powdered Milk Samples Using an HPGe for γ Radiation.

ABSTRACT

Aims: This study aimed to assess the activity concentrations and cancer risk assessments of 232Th and 40K in powdered milk samples collected from various suppliers in Pakistan, considering the increasing concern about cancer risks associated with environmental radiological effects related to food consumption. Subjects and Methods: Specific activity concentrations were determined using a high-resolution, high-purity germanium γ-spectroscopy system. Results: The specific activity levels of 40K and 232Th in the analyzed powdered milk samples were found to be 230.86 and 6.87 Bq/kg, respectively, well within the safe limits recommended by the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR). The hazard index (0.074 Bq/kg) and radium equivalent (27.58 Bq/kg) were calculated as indicators of radiation hazard, along with absorbed dose (26.26 nGy/h), annual effective dose (0.13 nGy/h), and excess lifetime cancer risk (0.45). These parameters provide insights into the potential health risks associated with powdered milk consumption. Conclusions: The findings collectively affirm the radiological safety of the analyzed powdered milk samples, providing valuable insights into the potential health risks associated with their consumption.