Microwave-specific acceleration of a Friedel-Crafts reaction: evidence for selective heating in homogeneous solution.
J Org Chem
; 79(16): 7437-50, 2014 Aug 15.
Article
em En
| MEDLINE
| ID: mdl-25050855
ABSTRACT
Thermally promoted Friedel-Crafts benzylation of arene solvents has been examined under both conventional convective heating with an oil bath and heating using microwave (MW) energy. Bulk solution temperatures-as measured by internal and external temperature probes and as defined by solvent reflux-were comparable in both sets of experiments. MW-specific rate enhancements were documented under certain conditions and not others. The observed rate enhancements at a given temperature are proposed to arise from selective MW heating of polar solutes, perturbing thermal equilibrium between the solute and bulk solution. Central to MW-specific thermal phenomena is the difference between heat and temperature. Temperature is a measure of the ensemble average kinetic molecular energy of all solution components, but temperature does not provide information about solute-specific energy differences that may arise as a consequence of selective MW heating. Enhanced chemical reactivity of the MW-absorbing solute can be described as a MW-specific "extra-temperature thermal effect", because the measurable solution temperature only captures a portion of the solute kinetic molecular energy. Experimental factors that favor MW-specific rate enhancements are discussed with an eye toward future development of MW-actuated organic reactions, in which the observed thermal reactivity exceeds what is predicted from temperature-based Arrhenius calculations.
Texto completo:
1
Coleções:
01-internacional
Base de dados:
MEDLINE
Tipo de estudo:
Prognostic_studies
Idioma:
En
Revista:
J Org Chem
Ano de publicação:
2014
Tipo de documento:
Article
País de afiliação:
Estados Unidos