AJ, Adherens junctions; ANG-1, Angiopoietin 1; AQP, Aquaporins; BBB, blood brain barrier; CNS, Central nervous system; COPD, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; EAE, Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis; EPAC1, Exchange protein activated by cyclic AMP; ERK1/2, Extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2; Endothelial barrier; FA, Focal adhesions; FAK, focal adhesion tyrosine kinase; FoxO1, Forkhead box O1; GAG, Glycosaminoglycans; GDNF, Glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor; GJ, Gap junctions; GPCR, G-protein coupled receptors; GTPase, Guanosine 5'-triphosphatase; HMGB-1, High mobility group box 1; HRAS, Harvey rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog; ICAM-1, Intercellular adhesion molecule 1; IL-1ß, Interleukin 1 beta; IP3, Inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate; JAM, Junctional adhesion molecules; MEK, Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase; MLC, Myosin light chain; MLCK, Myosin light-chain kinase; MMP, Matrix metalloproteinases; NO, Nitric oxide; OSM, Oncostatin M; PAF, Platelet activating factor; PDE, Phosphodiesterase; PKA, Protein kinase A; PNA, Platelet-neutrophil aggregates; ROS, Reactive oxygen species; Rac1, Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1; Rap1, Ras-related protein 1; RhoA, Ras homolog gene family, member A; S1P, Sphingosine-1-phosphate; SCID, Severe combined immunodeficient; SOCS-3, Suppressors of cytokine signaling 3; Shp-2, Src homology 2 domain-containing phosphatase 2; Src, Sarcoma family of protein kinases; TEER, Transendothelial electrical resistance; TGF-beta1, Transforming growth factor-beta1; TJ, Tight junctions; TNF-, Tumor necrosis factor alpha; VCAM-1, Vascular cell adhesion molecule 1; VE, Vascular endothelial; VE-PTP, Vascular endothelial receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase; VEGF, Vascular endothelial growth factor; VVO, Vesiculo-vacuolar organelle; ZO, Zonula occludens; cAMP, 3'-5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate; erythrocytes; leukocytes; pSrc, Phosphorylated Src; platelets; vascular permeability