How to Adapt Chemical Risk Assessment for Unconventional Hydrocarbon Extraction Related to the Water System.
Rev Environ Contam Toxicol
; 246: 1-32, 2019.
Article
em En
| MEDLINE
| ID: mdl-29280081
ABSTRACT
We identify uncertainties and knowledge gaps of chemical risk assessment related to unconventional drillings and propose adaptations. We discuss how chemical risk assessment in the context of unconventional oil and gas (UO&G) activities differs from conventional chemical risk assessment and the implications for existing legislation. A UO&G suspect list of 1,386 chemicals that might be expected in the UO&G water samples was prepared which can be used for LC-HRMS suspect screening. We actualize information on reported concentrations in UO&G-related water. Most information relates to shale gas operations, followed by coal-bed methane, while only little is available for tight gas and conventional gas. The limited research on conventional oil and gas recovery hampers comparison whether risks related to unconventional activities are in fact higher than those related to conventional activities. No study analyzed the whole cycle from fracturing fluid, flowback and produced water, and surface water and groundwater. Generally target screening has been used, probably missing contaminants of concern. Almost half of the organic compounds analyzed in surface water and groundwater exceed TTC values, so further risk assessment is needed, and risks cannot be waived. No specific exposure scenarios toward groundwater aquifers exist for UO&G-related activities. Human errors in various stages of the life cycle of UO&G production play an important role in the exposure. Neither at the international level nor at the US federal and the EU levels, specific regulations for UO&G-related activities are in place to protect environmental and human health. UO&G activities are mostly regulated through general environmental, spatial planning, and mining legislation.
Palavras-chave
Chemical risk assessment; Coal-bed methane; Conventional gas; Failure probabilities; Flowback water; Fracturing additives; Fracturing fluid; High-resolution mass spectrometry; Hydraulic fracturing; Knowledge gaps; Nontarget screening; Produced water; Risk assessment; Shale gas; Subsurface contaminants; Suspect list; Threshold of toxicological concern; Tight gas; Unconventional oil and gas; Water contamination
Texto completo:
1
Coleções:
01-internacional
Base de dados:
MEDLINE
Assunto principal:
Poluentes Químicos da Água
/
Medição de Risco
/
Campos de Petróleo e Gás
Tipo de estudo:
Etiology_studies
/
Risk_factors_studies
Limite:
Animals
/
Humans
Idioma:
En
Revista:
Rev Environ Contam Toxicol
Assunto da revista:
SAUDE AMBIENTAL
/
TOXICOLOGIA
Ano de publicação:
2019
Tipo de documento:
Article
País de afiliação:
Holanda