Toxic Effects of Size-tunable Gold Nanoparticles on Caenorhabditis elegans Development and Gene Regulation.

We utilized size-tunable gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) to investigate the toxicogenomic responses of the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans. We demonstrated that the nematode C. elegans can uptake Au NPs coated with or without 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid (MUA), and Au NPs are detectable in worm intestines using X-ray microscopy and confocal optical microscopy. After Au NP exposure, C. elegans neurons grew shorter axons, which may have been related to the impeded worm locomotion behavior detected. Furthermore, we determined that MUA to Au ratios of 0.5, 1 and 3 reduced the worm population by more than 50% within 72 hours. In addition, these MUA to Au ratios reduced the worm body size, thrashing frequency (worm mobility) and brood size. MTT assays were employed to analyze the viability of cultured C. elegans primary neurons exposed to MUA-Au NPs. Increasing the MUA to Au ratios increasingly reduced neuronal survival. To understand how developmental changes (after MUA-Au NP treatment) are related to changes in gene expression, we employed DNA microarray assays and identified changes in gene expression (e.g., clec-174 (involved in cellular defense), cut-3 and fil-1 (both involved in body morphogenesis), dpy-14 (expressed in embryonic neurons), and mtl-1 (functions in metal detoxification and homeostasis)).