APP Osaka Mutation in Familial Alzheimer's Disease-Its Discovery, Phenotypes, and Mechanism of Recessive Inheritance.

Alzheimer's disease is believed to begin with synaptic dysfunction caused by soluble Aß oligomers. When this oligomer hypothesis was proposed in 2002, there was no direct evidence that Aß oligomers actually disrupt synaptic function to cause cognitive impairment in humans. In patient brains, both soluble and insoluble Aß species always coexist, and therefore it is difficult to determine which pathologies are caused by Aß oligomers and which are caused by amyloid fibrils. Thus, no validity of the oligomer hypothesis was available until the Osaka mutation was discovered. This mutation, which was found in a Japanese pedigree of familial Alzheimer's disease, is the deletion of codon 693 of APP gene, resulting in mutant Aß lacking the 22nd glutamate. Only homozygous carriers suffer from dementia. In vitro studies revealed that this mutation has a very unique character that accelerates Aß oligomerization but does not form amyloid fibrils. Model mice expressing this mutation demonstrated that all pathologies of Alzheimer's disease can be induced by Aß oligomers alone. In this review, we describe the story behind the discovery of the Osaka mutation, summarize the mutant's phenotypes, and propose a mechanism of its recessive inheritance.