3O2, molecular oxygen; APCs, antigen-presenting cells; AQ4N, banoxantrone; CaO2, calcium dioxide; Cancer; Ce6, chlorin e6; CeO2, cerium oxide; DC, dendritic cells; DDS, drug delivery system; DOX, doxorubicin; EPR, enhanced permeability and retention; FDA, U.S. Food and Drug Administration; H2O, water; H2O2, hydrogen peroxide; HIF, hypoxia-inducible factor; HIF-1α, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α; HSA, human serum albumin; Hb, hemoglobin; Hypoxia; MB, methylene blue; MDR1, multidrug resistance 1; MDSC, myeloid derived suppressive cells; Mn-CDs, magnetofluorescent manganese-carbon dots; MnO2, manganese dioxide; NMR, nuclear magnetic resonance; Nanomedicine delivery systems; O2.−, superoxide anion; OH., hydroxyl radical; Oxygen; PDT, photodynamic therapy; PFC, perfluorocarbon; PFH, perfluoroethane; PS, photosensitizers; Photodynamic therapy; RBCs, red blood cells; ROS, reactive oxygen species; TAM, tumor-associated macrophages; TPZ, tirapazamine