Alterations of epigenetic landscape in Down syndrome carrying pregnancies: A systematic review of case-control studies.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: Great attention is currently paid to both the pathogenetic mechanisms and non-invasive prenatal diagnosis (NIPD) of Down syndrome (DS). It has been posited that dysregulation of epigenetic signatures including DNA methylation and microRNAs (miRNAs) crucially contribute to the pathomechanism of DS. Therefore, we aimed to perform a systematic review of case-control publications that have examined the differences in epigenetic landscape between pregnancies bearing euploid fetuses and those affected with DS to provide a focused insight into the pathophysiology of DS and also novel biomarkers for NIPD of DS. STUDY DESIGN: Pertinent keywords were utilized to search into PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. We enrolled studies that have compared the pattern of miRNAs expression profile or DNA methylation between pregnant women who carries DS fetuses and those with euploid fetuses. RESULTS: An assessment of 599 articles resulted in, finally, 18 eligible studies (12 miRNAs and 6 DNA methylation). The most investigated miRNAs were those that are encoded by genes on chromosome 21 and more hypermethylation regions in DS fetuses than euploids with nearly evenly distribution on all chromosomes were found. Distinct mechanisms with potential therapeutic purposes have been put forward for the involvement of epigenetic perturbations in the etiopathogenesis of DS. CONCLUSION: There is a disagreement in the recruiting of epigenetic biomarkers for NIPD of DS. This heterogeneity in results of the qualified publications emanates from confounding factors such as differences in demographic data of participants, analytical platforms, and study design. Hence, before harnessing epigenetic signatures for NIPD of DS, more experiments are required.