AAV, adeno-associated virus; ALI/ARDS; ALI/ARDS, acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome; AM, alveolar macrophage; ATI, alveolar cell type I; ATII, alveolar cell type II; AV, adenovirus; Ago-2, argonaute 2; CFDA, China Food and Drug Administration; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CPP, cell-penetrating peptide; CS, cigarette smoke; CXCR4, C­X­C motif chemokine receptor type 4; Cellular uptake; DAMPs, danger-associated molecular patterns; DC-Chol, 3ß-(N-(N',N'-dimethylethylenediamine)-carbamoyl) cholesterol; DDAB, dimethyldioctadecylammonium bromide; DODAP, 1,2-dioleyl-3-dimethylammonium-propane; DODMA, 1,2-dioleyloxy-N,N-dimethyl-3-aminopropane; DOGS, dioctadecyl amido glycin spermine; DOPC, 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine; DOPE, 1,2-dioleoyl-l-α-glycero-3-phosphatidylethanolamine; DOSPA, 2,3-dioleyloxy-N-[2-(sperminecarboxamido)ethyl]-N,N-dimethyl-1-propanaminium; DOTAP, 1,2-dioleoyl-3-trimethylammonium-propane; DOTMA, N-[1-(2,3-dioleoyloxy)propyl]-N,N,N-trimethylammonium; DPI, dry powder inhaler; DPPC, 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine; Drug delivery; EC, endothelial cell; EPC, egg phosphatidylcholine; EXOs, exosomes; Endosomal escape; EpiC, epithelial cell; FDA, US Food and Drug Administration; HALI, hyperoxic acute lung injury; HMGB1, high-mobility group box 1; HMVEC, human primary microvascular endothelial cell; HNPs, hybrid nanoparticles; Hem-CLP, hemorrhagic shock followed by cecal ligation and puncture septic challenge; ICAM-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1; IFN, interferons; Inflammatory diseases; LPS, lipopolysaccharides; MEND, multifunctional envelope-type nano device; MIF, macrophage migration inhibitory factor; Myd88, myeloid differentiation primary response 88; N/P ratio, nitrogen /phosphate ratio; NETs, neutrophil extracellular traps; NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa B; NPs, nanoparticles; Nanoparticles; PAI-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1; PAMAM, polyamidoamine; PAMPs, pathogen-associated molecular patterns; PD-L1, programmed death ligand-1; PDGFRα, platelet-derived growth factor receptor-α; PEEP, positive end-expiratory pressure; PEG, polyethylene glycol; PEI, polyethyleneimine; PF, pulmonary fibrosis; PFC, perfluorocarbon; PLGA, poly(d,l-lactic-co-glycolic acid); PMs, polymeric micelles; PRR, pattern recognition receptor; PS, pulmonary surfactant; Pulmonary administration; RIP2, receptor-interacting protein 2; RISC, RNA-induced silencing complex; RNAi, RNA interference; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SLN, solid lipid nanoparticle; SNALP, stable nucleic acid lipid particle; TGF-ß, transforming growth factor-ß; TLR, Toll-like receptor; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; VALI, ventilator-associated lung injury; VILI, ventilator-induced lung injury; dsDNA, double-stranded DNA; dsRNA, double-stranded RNA; eggPG, l-α-phosphatidylglycerol; mRNA, messenger RNA; miRNA, microRNA; pDNA, plasmid DNA; shRNA, short RNA; siRNA; siRNA, small interfering RNA