Identification of Growth Factors, Cytokines and Mediators Regulated by Artemisia annua L. Polyphenols (pKAL) in HCT116 Colorectal Cancer Cells: TGF-ß1 and NGF-ß Attenuate pKAL-Induced Anticancer Effects via NF-κB p65 Upregulation.

ABSTRACT

The anticancer effects of natural phytochemicals are relevant to the modulation of cytokine signaling pathways in various cancer cells with stem-like properties as well as immune cells. The aim of this study was to elucidate a novel anticancer mechanism of Artemisia annua L. polyphenols (pKAL) involved in the regulation of growth factors, cytokines and mediators in stem-like HCT116 colorectal cancer cells. Through RayBiotech human L-1000 antibody array and bioinformatics analysis, we show here that pKAL-induced anticancer effects are associated with downregulation of growth factor and cytokine signaling proteins including TGFA, FGF16, PDGFC, CCL28, CXCR3, IRF6 and SMAD1. Notably, we found that TGF-ß signaling proteins such as GDF10, ENG and TGFBR2 and well-known survival proteins such as NGF-ß, VEGFD and insulin were significantly upregulated by pKAL. Moreover, the results of hematoxylin staining, cell viability assay and Western blot analysis demonstrated that TGF-ß1 and NGF-ß attenuated pKAL-induced anticancer effects by inhibiting pKAL-induced downregulation of caspase-8, NF-κB p65 and cyclin D1. These results suggest that certain survival mediators may be activated by pKAL through the TGF-ß1 and NGF-ß signaling pathways during pKAL-induced cell death and thus, strategies to inhibit the survival signaling are inevitably required for more effective anticancer effects of pKAL.