Temperature change during laser upper-tract endourological procedures: current evidence and future perspective.

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE OF REVIEW To examine the most recent data on temperatures produced during laser lithotripsy and to provide several strategies for maintaining lower values and reducing the risk of complications during endourological treatment. RECENT FINDINGS: Endourologists have access to a wide range of alternatives with the help of the holmium yttrium-aluminum-garnet (HoYAG), thulium yttrium-aluminum-garnet (TMYAG), and thulium fiber laser (TFL) that compose a robust and adaptable laser lithotripsy armamentarium. Nevertheless, the threat of thermal damage increases as the local temperature rises with high total power. Most endourologists are not familiar with normal and pathological temperature ranges, how elevated temperatures affect perioperative problems, or how to avoid them. SUMMARY: Increased temperatures experienced during laser lithotripsy may affect the course of the healing process. All lasers display a safe temperature profile at energies below 40 W. At equal power settings, HoYAG, TmYAG, and TFL lasers change the temperature comparably. Shorter on/off laser activation intervals, chilled irrigation, open irrigation systems, and UASs all aid in maintaining acceptable temperatures.