Tempol and silymarin rescue from zinc-induced degeneration of dopaminergic neurons through modulation of oxidative stress and inflammation.

ABSTRACT

Oxidative stress and inflammation are the key players in the toxic manifestation of sporadic Parkinson's disease and zinc (Zn)-induced dopaminergic neurodegeneration. A synthetic superoxide dismutase (SOD) mimetic, tempol, and a naturally occurring antioxidant, silymarin protect against oxidative stress-mediated damage. The study intended to explore the effects of tempol and silymarin against Zn-induced dopaminergic neurodegeneration. Exposure to Zn produced neurobehavioral deficits and striatal dopamine depletion. Zn reduced glutathione content and glutathione-S-transferase activity and increased lipid peroxidation, superoxide dismutase activity, and level of pro-inflammatory mediators [nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1ß), and interleukin-6 (IL-6)]. Zn also attenuated the expression of tyrosine hydoxylase (TH), vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT-2), mitochondrial B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), and procaspase-3 and 9 proteins and number of TH-positive neurons. Conversely, Zn elevated the expression of dopamine transporter (DAT) and mitochondrial Bcl-2-associated X (Bax) protein along with mitochondrial cytochrome c release. Administration of tempol significantly alleviated Zn-induced motor impairments, dopamine depletion, reduction in TH expression, and loss of TH-positive neurons similar to silymarin. Silymarin mitigated Zn-induced oxidative stress and inflammation and restored the expression of dopamine transporters and levels of pro-apoptotic proteins akin to tempol. The results demonstrate that both tempol and silymarin protect against Zn-induced dopaminergic neuronal loss through the suppression of oxidative stress and inflammation.