Early epigenetic markers for precision medicine.

ABSTRACT

Changes in DNA methylation levels, changes in histones, and noncoding RNA functions (ncRNAs) are common among different diseases and epigenetic component mutations. The ability to distinguish between the roles of drivers and passengers in epigenetic changes will allow to identify diseases where epigenetics could influence diagnosis, prediction and treatment. In addition, by examining the interaction between epigenetic components and other pathways of disease, a combination intervention approach will be developed. A comprehensive study of the association of specific cancer types or the cancer genome atlas project has revealed frequent mutations in genes encoded by the epigenetic components. These include mutations in DNA methylase and demethylase, the cytoplasm and the change of cytoplasm, as well as genes involved in the restoration of chromatins and the structure of chromosomes, also, the metabolic genes isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) and isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (IDH2) affect histone and DNA methylation, disrupting the architecture of the 3D genome, but also affect the metabolic genes IDH1 and IDH2. Repeated DNA elements also cause cancer. In the 21st century, epigenetic research has rapidly accelerated, causing legitimate excitement and hope, and causing a certain level of excitement. New epigenetic tools can be used as prevention, diagnosis and therapeutic markers. Drug development targets specific epigenetic mechanisms that regulate gene expression and promotes gene expression. The development and use of epigenetic tools is an appropriate and effective method for treating various diseases clinically.