Pioglitazone treatment increases the cellular acid-labile and protein-bound sulfane sulfur fractions.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Iron-sulfur clusters play a central role in cellular function and are regulated by the ATM protein. Iron-sulfur clusters are part of the cellular sulfide pool, which functions to maintain cardiovascular health, and consists of free hydrogen sulfide, iron-sulfur clusters, protein bound sulfides, which constitute the total cellular sulfide fraction. ATM protein signaling and the drug pioglitazone share some cellular effects, which led us to examine the effects of this drug on cellular iron-sulfur cluster formation. Additionally, as ATM functions in the cardiovasculature and its signaling may be diminished in cardiovascular disease, we examined pioglitazone in the same cell type, with and without ATM protein expression. METHODS: We examined the effects of pioglitazone treatment on the total cellular sulfide profile, the glutathione redox state, cystathionine gamma-lyase enzymatic activity, and on double-stranded DNA break formation in cells with and without ATM protein expression. RESULTS: Pioglitazone increased the acid-labile (iron-sulfur cluster) and bound sulfur cellular fractions and reduced cystathionine gamma-lyase enzymatic activity in cells with and without ATM protein expression. Interestingly, pioglitazone also increased reduced glutathione and lowered DNA damage in cells without ATM protein expression, but not in ATM wild-type cells. These results are interesting as the acid-labile (iron-sulfur cluster), bound sulfur cellular fractions, and reduced glutathione are low in cardiovascular disease. CONCLUSION: Here we found that pioglitazone increased the acid-labile (iron-sulfur cluster) and bound sulfur cellular fractions, impinges on hydrogen sulfide synthesis, and exerts beneficial effect on cells with deficient ATM protein signaling. Thus, we show a novel pharmacologic action for pioglitazone.