Using multiple approaches to develop a physician-pharmacist collaborative care intervention to facilitate appropriate prescribing for older adults with multimorbidity.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: This article discusses the development process of an intervention to facilitate appropriate prescribing for older adults with multimorbidity at geriatric medicine outpatient clinics. Both effectiveness and implementability were key aims, which were achieved by a systematic combination of different approaches guided by published guidance. METHODS: Various frameworks and tools were used to guide the intervention development. They include The Medical Research Council Framework for complex health interventions as the overarching framework, supplemented by the Framework of Actions for Intervention Development and a taxonomy of intervention development approaches. RESULTS: A combination of theory and evidence-based-, implementation-based and partnership approaches were used to develop the intervention. The Behaviour Change Wheel and Theoretical Domains Framework were used for intervention design. Three scoping reviews and two modified Delphi studies were conducted to build an evidence base on prescribing-related barriers and existing interventions. The findings were synthesised, assessed for implementability, and culminated in a co-creation exercise with physicians and pharmacists. The final intervention aims to facilitate collaboration between physicians and pharmacists and to improve communication and documentation of prescribing decisions. CONCLUSIONS: Multiple approaches may be required when developing interventions that are effective and implementable. The study team's experiences in using published guidance, integrating different approaches, and co-creating the intervention with healthcare professionals provide a useful case study with lessons and insights for developers of complex interventions. Furthermore, systematic reporting of such research-based efforts would contribute to advancement of intervention development in healthcare and reducing research waste.