Delineating the cascade of molecular events in protein aggregation triggered by Glyphosate, aminomethylphosphonic acid, and Roundup in serum albumins.

The molecular basis of protein unfolding on exposure to the widely used herbicide, Glyphosate (GLY), its metabolite aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA), and the commercial formulation Roundup have been probed using human and bovine serum albumins (HSA and BSA). Protein solutions were exposed to chemical stress at set experimental conditions. The study proceeds with spectroscopic and imaging tools. Steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence (TRF) measurements indicated polarity changes with the possibility of forming a ground-state complex. Atomic force microscopy imaging results revealed the formation of fibrils from BSA and dimer, trimer, and tetramer forms of oligomers from HSA under the chemical stress of GLY. In the presence of AMPA, serum albumins (SAs) form a compact network of oligomers. The compact network of oligomers was transformed into fibrils for HSA with increasing concentrations of AMPA. In contrast, Roundup triggered the formation of amorphous aggregates from SAs. Analysis of the Raman amide I band of all aggregates showed a significant increase in antiparallel ß-sheet fractions at the expense of α-helix. The highest percentage, 24.6%, of antiparallel ß-sheet fractions was present in amorphous aggregate formed from HSA under the influence of Roundup. These results demonstrated protein unfolding, which led to the formation of oligomers and fibrils.