Chlorination of Emerging Contaminants for Application in Potable Wastewater Reuse: Disinfection Byproduct Formation, Estrogen Activity, and Cytotoxicity.
Environ Sci Technol
; 58(1): 704-716, 2024 Jan 09.
Article
em En
| MEDLINE
| ID: mdl-38109774
ABSTRACT
With increasing water scarcity, many utilities are considering the potable reuse of wastewater as a source of drinking water. However, not all chemicals are removed in conventional wastewater treatment, and disinfection byproducts (DBPs) can form from these contaminants when disinfectants are applied during or after reuse treatment, especially if applied upstream of advanced treatment processes to control biofouling. We investigated the chlorination of seven priority emerging contaminants (17ß-estradiol, estrone, 17α-ethinylestradiol, bisphenol A (BPA), diclofenac, p-nonylphenol, and triclosan) in ultrapure water, and we also investigated the impact of chlorination on real samples from different treatment stages of an advanced reuse plant to evaluate the role of chlorination on the associated cytotoxicity and estrogenicity. Many DBPs were tentatively identified via liquid chromatography (LC)- and gas chromatography (GC)-high resolution mass spectrometry, including 28 not previously reported. These encompassed chlorinated, brominated, and oxidized analogs of the parent compounds as well as smaller halogenated molecules. Chlorinated BPA was the least cytotoxic of the DBPs formed but was highly estrogenic, whereas chlorinated hormones were highly cytotoxic. Estrogenicity decreased by â¼4-6 orders of magnitude for 17ß-estradiol and estrone following chlorination but increased 2 orders of magnitude for diclofenac. Estrogenicity of chlorinated BPA and p-nonylphenol were â¼50% of the natural/synthetic hormones. Potential seasonal differences in estrogen activity of unreacted vs reacted advanced wastewater treatment field samples were observed.
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Texto completo:
1
Coleções:
01-internacional
Base de dados:
MEDLINE
Assunto principal:
Poluentes Químicos da Água
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Água Potável
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Purificação da Água
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Desinfetantes
Idioma:
En
Revista:
Environ Sci Technol
Ano de publicação:
2024
Tipo de documento:
Article
País de afiliação:
Estados Unidos