Manipulating disorder within cathodes of alkali-ion batteries.

ABSTRACT

The fact that ordered materials are rarely perfectly crystalline is widely acknowledged among materials scientists, but its impact is often overlooked or underestimated when studying how structure relates to properties. Various investigations demonstrate that intrinsic and extrinsic defects, and disorder generated by physicochemical reactions, are responsible for unexpectedly detrimental or beneficial functionalities. The task remains to modulate the disorder to produce desired properties in materials. As disorder is often correlated with local interactions, it is controllable. In this Review, we explore the structural disorder in cathode materials as a novel approach for improving their electrochemical performance. We revisit cathode materials for alkali-ion batteries and outline the origins and beneficial consequences of disorder. Focusing on layered, cubic rocksalt and other metal oxides, we discuss how disorder improves electrochemical properties of cathode materials and which interactions generate the disorder. We also present the potential pitfalls of disorder that must be considered. We conclude with perspectives for enhancing the electrochemical performance of cathode materials by using disorder.