Importance of diaphragm thickness in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients with diaphragm pacing system implantation.

INTRODUCTION: Severe respiratory failure develops as a result of the involvement of the respiratory muscles in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Implantation of diaphragm pacing system (DPS) has been carried out on ALS patients since 2005 to avoid these situations, but the importance of diaphragm thickness has not yet been established clearly. MATERIAL AND METHOD: We retrospectively evaluated 34 ALS patients who had previously implanted DPS to detect the importance of diaphragm thickness. We investigated the effect of diaphragm thickness, which was measured by preoperative thorax computerized tomography on preoperative respiratory function tests (RFT), arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis, postoperative 3- and 6-month oxygen saturations and mortality. RESULTS: The right diaphragm thickness was calculated as 4.60 (2.95-6.00) mm, while the left diaphragm thickness was 4.10 (2.77-6.00) mm. Six patients died during the follow-up period. We did not detect a significant relationship between ABG parameters, RFT and diaphragm thickness. However, according to our observations, the diaphragm thickness was significantly related to mortality. The right diaphragm was significantly thinner in cases that required preoperative respiratory support and had percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy. When the cut-off values for the diaphragm thickness were accepted as 3.50 mm, significantly higher mortality among patients below this was observed. CONCLUSION: Diaphragm thickness is an important criterion in cases for which DPS implantation is planned. We consider that avoidance of DPS implantation is more suitable for cases with a diaphragm thickness below 3.50 mm because of mortality.

The change of systemic inflammation response index in the treatment of patients with myasthenia gravis undergoing thymectomy: A retrospective, follow-up study.

Background: This study aims to investigate the role of neutrophil-tolymphocyte ratio, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio, monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio, and systemic inflammation response index in patients with myasthenia gravis, thymomas and thymic hyperplasia and to identify the relationship between the inflammation response and disease activity. Methods: Between January 2010 and December 2018, a total of 97 patients (71 males, 26 females; mean age: 36.7±16.3 years; range, 15 to 76 years) who underwent extended thymectomy with the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis were retrospectively analyzed. The patients were divided into two groups as the patient group (n=42) and the control group (n=55). Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio, monocyteto-lymphocyte ratio, and systemic inflammation response index were measured one day prior to and one month after surgery. Results: The patients with thymoma were older with a higher mean pre-systemic inflammation response index value. Preoperative systemic inflammation response index, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, and monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio were significantly higher in patients with thymoma. A preoperative systemic inflammation response index value of less than 0.62 was accepted to indicate thymic hyperplasia and a postoperative systemic inflammation response index value higher than 2.94 was indicative of thymoma. In myasthenic patients whose steroid dose was increased and/or remained the same at the first month after surgery, postoperative monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio and systemic inflammation response index values were found to be higher compared to preoperative values (p=0.006 and p=0.032, respectively). Patients whose pyridostigmine dose was increased and/or remained the same had significantly higher systemic inflammation response index values postoperatively (p=0.029). Conclusion: The precise cut-off values of systemic inflammation response index may be helpful for the surgeon to predict the surgical outcome and post-systemic inflammation response index may be a predictive marker for estimating postoperative treatment changes.

Prevention of pleural adhesions using a membrane containing polyethylene glycol in rats.

BACKGROUND: Recurrent thoracotomies regardless of the cause are not a rare occurrence. However, each thoracotomy results in adhesion to some extent. This adhesions increase morbidity and mortality presents a significant inconvenience for surgeons and prolongs the length of operations. OBJECTIVE: We investigated the efficacy of Prevadh®, an anti-adhesion agent to prevent intrapleural adesions following thoracotomy in a rat model. METHODS: Twenty male adult Wistar Albino rats were divided into a sham group (Group A, n = 4), a control group (Group B, n = 8), and a study group (Group C, n = 8). Only left thoracotomy was performed in Group A. Group B underwent left thoracotomy, induction of adhesion, and 1 ml saline solution was administered to the thoracic cavity. However, in Group C underwent left thoracotomy, induction of adhesion, and Prevadh® was placed between the pleura and the lung. The rats were sacrificed on day 21, and adhesions were analyzed using both macroscopic and histopathological methods. The results were statistically analyzed. A value of P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Mean lengths of adhesion differed statistically significantly among all three groups, while mean intensity of adhesion differed between Group A and Group B, and between Group B and Group C (P>0.05). There was also a statistically significant difference between Group A and Group C in mesothelium proliferation score (P>0.05). No statistically significant differences were found among the groups in terms of pleural thickness, macrophage and mononuclear cell infiltration (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Prevadh® was shown in a rat model to effectively prevent post-thoracotomy adhesions.

Three cases of immunoglobulin G4-related respiratory disease with uncommon imaging findings.

BACKGROUND: Immunoglobulin G4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is a rare multisystemic idiopathic fibroinflammatory disorder. The rare form of IgG4-RD with isolated thorax involvement is called immunoglobulin G4-related respiratory disease (IgG4-RRD). IgG4-RRD, which is reported in a limited number of cases in the literature, can be categorized into four types on the prevalent chest computed tomography (CCT) findings: solid nodular, round-shaped ground-glass opacity, alveolar interstitial, and bronchovascular. Solid nodular form of IgG4-RRD with mass-like lesions is sporadic and described in the literature with a small number of case reports. OBJECTIVES/METHODS: We aim to present the radiologic, pathologic, and clinical findings of three cases of IgG4-RRD mimicking lung cancer. RESULTS: In all three patients, IgG4-RRD occurred with mass-like lesions in the thorax. In case-1 and 2, CCT showed multiple, nodular lesions and multiple mediastinal lymph nodes. On positron emission tomography with 2-deoxy-2-[fluorine-18] fluoro- D-glucose integrated with computed tomography (18F-FDG PET/CT), the masses showed increased 18F-FDG uptake in case-2 and 3. The gold standard histopathological verification for IgG4-RRD was provided for all cases. CONCLUSIONS: IgG4-RD is an immune-mediated condition comprised of a collection of disorders that share particular pathologic, radiologic, serologic, and clinical features. Isolated IgG4-RRD is rarely seen and is available in the literature as case reports. IgG4-RRD, which can make lung involvement in different patterns, rarely appears with mass-like lesions. Still, IgG4-RRD must be considered in the differential diagnosis of mass lesions detected in CCT. Laboratory, radiological, and histopathological findings of the disease should be evaluated together for an accurate diagnosis.

Positron emission tomography/computed tomography findings of lung invasive adenocarcinoma subgroups and comparison of their short-term survivals.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to compare the maximum standardized uptake values on positron emission tomography/ computed tomography and survival of lung invasive adenocarcinoma subgroups. METHODS: Between January 2010 and January 2016, a total of 152 patients (112 males, 40 females; mean age: 64.2±8.6 years; range, 41 to 88 years) who underwent lung resection for an invasive adenocarcinoma were retrospectively analyzed. The patients were divided into subgroups as follows: acinar, lepidic, micropapillary, papillary, and solid. The maximum standardized uptake values in the imaging study and their relationship with survival were examined. RESULTS: There were 84 acinar (55%), 31 solid (20%), 23 lepidic (15%), nine papillary (5%), and five micropapillary (3%) cases. The positron emission tomography/computed tomography enhancement showed a statistically significant difference among the subgroups (p=0.004). The solid subgroup was the most involved (9.76), followed by micropapillary (8.98), acinar (8.06), papillary (5.82), and lepidic (4.23) subgroups, respectively. According to Tumor, Node, Metastasis staging, Stage I was present in 48.68% (n=74) of the cases, Stage II in 25.0% (n=38), Stage III in 25.0% (n=38), and Stage IV in 1.31% (n=2). The one-year, three-year, and five-year survival rates were significantly different among the disease stages (p=0.01). The longest survival duration was in the lepidic subgroup, although it did not reach statistical significance among the subgroups (p=0.587). CONCLUSION: The evaluation of invasive adenocarcinomas based on maximum standardized uptake values provides valuable information and may guide neoadjuvant and adjuvant therapies in the future.

Preoperative parameters and their prognostic value in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients undergoing implantation of a diaphragm pacing stimulation system.

INTRODUCTION: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neuromuscular disease with devastating and fatal respiratory complications. Diaphragm pacing stimulation (DPS) is a treatment option in diaphragm insufficient ALS patients. Ventilatory insufficiency depending on diaphragmatic failure is treated by the present study aimed to investigate prognostic value of preoperative clinical and functional characteristics of ALS patients undergoing implantation of a DPS system and to determine appropriate indications for the DPS system. METHODS: The study included 34 ALS patients implanted with DPS system. All patients underwent multidisciplinary and laboratory evaluations before the surgery. The laboratory examinations included pulmonary function tests and arterial blood gas analysis. Survival rates were recorded in a 2-year follow-up after the surgery. RESULTS: Twenty-eight of 34 patients with ALS survived after a 2-year follow-up. These patients were younger than those who died and had the disease for a longer time; however, the differences were not significant. Both right and left hemidiaghragms were thicker in the survived patients (P < 0.0001 for each). Pulmonary function tests revealed no significant differences between the patients who survived. Arterial blood gas analysis demonstrated lower partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the survived patients (P = 0.025). CONCLUSIONS: DPS implantation was more efficacious in ALS patients with mild respiratory failure and thicker diaphragm. Predictors of long-term effectiveness of DPS system are needed to be addressed by large-scale studies.

Chaperonin (HSP60) and annexin-2 are candidate biomarkers for non-small cell lung carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Lung cancer is responsible of 12.4% and 17.6% of all newly diagnosed cancer cases and mortality due to cancer, respectively, and 5-year survival rate despite all improved treatment options is 15%. This survival rate reaches 66% in the Stage 1 and surgically treated patients. Early diagnosis which could not be definitely and commonly achieved yet is extremely critical in obtaining high survival rate in this disease. For this reason; proteomic differences were evaluated using matrix assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry in the subgroups of lung adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. METHODS: Fresh tissue samples of 36 malignant cases involving 83.3% (n = 30) men and 16.7% (n = 6) women patients were distributed into 2 groups as early and end stage lung cancer and each group were composed of subgroups including 18 squamous cell carcinoma (9 early stage cases, 9 end stage cases) and 18 adenocarcinoma cases (9 early stage cases, 9 end stage cases). The fresh tissues obtained from the tumoral and matched normal sites after surgical intervention. The differences in protein expression levels were determined by comparing proteomic changes in each patient. RESULTS: In the subgroups of advanced stage adenocarcinoma; tumoral tissue revealed differences in expression of 2 proteins compared with normal parenchymal tissue. Of those; difference in protein expression in heat shock protein 60 (HSP60) was found statistically significant (P = 0.0001). Subgroups of early and advanced stage squamos cell carcinoma have differed in certain 20 protein expression of normal tissue and diseased squamos cell carcinoma. Of those, increased protein expression level of only annexin-2 protein was found statistically significant (P = 0.002). No significant difference was detected in early and advanced stage protein expressions of the tumoral tissues in the subgroups of adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that with respect to early diagnosis of lung cancer that HSP60 and annexin-2 proteins are the important biomarkers in the subgroups of adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. We also consider that these 2 proteins are molecules which may provide critical contribution in evaluation of prognosis, metastatic potential, response to treatment, and in establishment of differential diagnosis between adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma.

Comparison of mersilene mesh-methyl metacrylate sandwich and polytetrafluoroethylene grafts for chest wall reconstruction.

We report the outcomes of patients who underwent reconstruction with Mersilene mesh-methyl methacrylate (MM-MM) sandwich and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) grafts after a large chest wall resection. Between June 1990 and September 2001, 59 consecutive patients (37 men, 22 women; mean age, 48.1 +/- 11.8 years; range 22-74 years) underwent large chest wall resection (greater than 5 cm diameter) and reconstruction with prosthetic material in our department. Twenty-one patients (33%) underwent reconstruction with a PTFE graft (group 2) between 1990 and 1994, and 38 patients (67%) underwent reconstruction with an MM-MM sandwich graft (group 1) between 1994 and 2001. Operative morbidity ratios were 5.2% (2/38) in group 1 and 24% (5/21) in group 2 (p = .036). The paradoxical respiration ratio was significantly higher (p = .018) in group 2 (5/21: 24%) than it was in group 1 (1/38: 2.6%). The operative mortality ratio was 4.5% (1/21) in group 2 and 0% in group 1. Mean hospital stay was 10.6 days (range 5-21 days) in group 1 and 13.3 days (range 7-36 days) in group 2 (p = .015). The MM-MM graft is inexpensive and easy to apply, provides better cosmetic options, and offers minimal morbidity. We therefore recommend that the MM-MM sandwich graft be used rather than the PTFE graft for large defects of the anterolateral chest wall and sternum where successful prevention of paradoxical respiration is required.

Parenchyma-preserving surgery in the management of pulmonary hydatid cysts.

Pulmonary hydatid cysts remain a significant health problem in endemic regions like Turkey. Here, we present our surgical experience in patients with pulmonary hydatid cysts. Between January 1985 and January 2001, 1118 operations were performed in 1032 patients (528 males, 504 females; mean age 32.7 years; range 1-87 years) with pulmonary hydatid cysts in our department. Posterolateral thoracotomy was performed in 1015 (98.3%), two-stage thoracotomy in 34 (3.3%), and median sternotomy in 17 (1.7%) patients. We preferred conservative surgical procedures. As a surgical procedure, cystotomy and capitonnage was performed in 626 (56%), cystotomy alone in 368 (33%), wedge resection in 81 (7%), enucleation in 29 (3%), and decortication in 11 (1%) patients. None of our patients were treated with anatomic resection. During surgery, 949 patients (92%) had unruptured and 83 patients (8%) had ruptured hydatid cyst. The morbidity ratio was 6.7%. Major complications were wound infection (2.3%), prolonged air leak (1.9%), atelectasis (1.2%), pleural effusion (0.8%), postoperative hemothorax (0.6%), and empyema (0.3%). Two patients (0.2%) died within the first month postoperatively. Mean follow-up was 31.2 months. Recurrence was detected in only 35 patients (3.3%). Treatment of pulmonary hydatid cyst is primarily surgical. Medical treatment is indicated for recurrent and multiple hydatid cysts postoperatively. Cystotomy alone, or cystotomy and capitonnage, as parenchyma-preserving surgery, is preferred. Radical surgery including pneumonectomy, lobectomy, and segmentectomy should be avoided.

Mediastinal intraoperative radioisotope sentinel lymph node mapping in non-small-cell lung cancer.

BACKGROUND: Lymph node metastases are significant prognostic factors in localized non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Nodal micrometastases may not be detected using current histological methods. AIM: To determine the accuracy and role of sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) in patients with NSCLC. METHODS: Intraoperative technetium-99m (Tc) sulphur colloid SLN mapping was performed in patients with NSCLC. Serial section histology and immunohistochemistry were used to validate the SLNs and to identify the presence of micrometastatic disease. The study was carried out on 28 consecutive patients (male/female, 25/3; mean age, 57.05+/-7.1 years) with resectable NSCLC. During thoracotomy, 0.25 mCi of Tc sulphur colloid was injected into four quadrants peritumorally. Radioactivity was counted intraoperatively, a mean of 45 min (range, 30-60 min) after injection. SLN was defined as the node with the highest count rate using a hand-held gamma probe counter. Resection with mediastinal node dissection was performed and the findings were correlated with histological examination. RESULTS: SLNs were identified in 26 of 28 patients (92.8%) with a total number of 32 SLNs. Seven of 32 (21.8%) of these SLNs were positive for metastatic involvement after histological and immunohistochemical examination. In two patients (7.1%), SLNs could not be found. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate the feasibility of this procedure in identifying the first site of potential nodal metastasis of NSCLC. This method may improve the precision of pathological staging.

Prognostic value of tumor size in non-small cell lung cancer larger than five centimeters in diameter.

OBJECTIVES: The tumor size is an important prognostic factor in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, a criterion for tumor size has remained unchanged for the last 25 years in TNM classification. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between tumor size and survival in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. METHOD: Of 550 consecutive patients who underwent operation for NSCLC between 1994 and 1998, we reviewed the medical record of 509 patients. There were 470 men and 39 women. Survivals were compared according to groups of tumor size (Group I: < or = 3 cm, Group II: 3.1-4 cm, Group III: 4.1-5 cm, Group IV: >5 cm, Group A (II + III): 3.1-5 cm, and Group B (IV): >5 cm). The Cox proportional hazard model was used with same variables. RESULTS: The univariate analysis showed that poor pulmonary function test (P < 0.05), pneumonectomy (P < 0.05), limited resection (P < 0.001), tumor size larger than 5 cm (P = 0.006), T factor (P < 0.05), N status (P < 0.001), and advanced staged of disease (P < 0.001) were all significant prognostic factors. Further comparison of survival between tumor size groups demonstrated a significantly poor prognosis for larger tumors. There was a statistically significant difference between Group A (3.1-5 cm) and Group B (> 5 cm), with 5 years survivals of 45.9% and 31.4%, respectively (P = 0.005). CONCLUSION: We emphasize that tumor size is an important prognostic factor in NSCLC. The 5 years survival with tumors larger than 5 cm (31.4%), is significantly less than the tumors 3.1-5 cm (45.9%) (P = 0.005). These initial results should strongly encourage additional studies in different countries on the interaction between tumor size and lung cancer characteristics to better clarity. In future revisions of the TNM classification, 5 cm may be a new threshold.

Predictors of clinical outcome following extended thymectomy in myasthenia gravis.

OBJECTIVE: Thymectomy remains as the optimal treatment of choice in patients with myasthenia gravis (MG), however, the selection criteria for surgery remains controversial. METHODS: We examined the data charts of patients with MG underwent extended thymectomy. We investigated the possible correlations between the clinicopathologic features and clinical outcomes, and analyzed the data to clarify the effect of prognostic factors on clinical outcome. RESULTS: A total of 61 patients with a mean age of 35.8 +/- 12.2 years (range, 13-66 years) were analyzed. The overall improvement/remission and clinical worsening rates were 81.9 and 18.1%, respectively. Ossermann stage (P = 0.011) and presence of mediastinal ectopic thymic tissue (P = 0.007) showed a significant correlation with the clinical outcome. Multivariate analysis confirmed Ossermann stage (P = 0.0158), and presence of mediastinal ectopic thymic tissue (P = 0.0100) as independent predictors on clinical outcome. CONCLUSION: Ossermann stage and the presence of mediastinal ectopic thymic tissue are potential predictors on clinical outcome in patients with MG undergoing extended thymectomy.

Surgical treatment in bronchiectasis: analysis of 166 patients.

BACKGROUND: Bronchiectasis is usually caused by pulmonary infections and bronchial obstruction. It is still a serious problem in developing countries as our country. We reviewed the morbidity and mortality rates and outcome of surgical treatment for bronchiectasis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between 1990 and 2000, 166 patients (92 female and 74 male patients) underwent pulmonary resection for bronchiectasis. The mean age was 34.1 years (range, 7-70 years). Mean duration of symptoms was 5.7 years. RESULTS: Symptoms were copious amount of purulent sputum in 135 patients, expectoration of foul-smelling sputum in 109, hemoptysis in 35 and cough in all patients. The indication for pulmonary resection was failure of medical therapy in 158 patients, massive hemoptysis in five and lung abscess in three. The disease was bilateral in six patients and mainly confined to the lower lobe in 127. One hundred and twenty patients had a lobectomy, 13 had a pneumonectomy, 21 had a segmentectomy and a combination of these approaches in 18. Operative morbidity and mortality were seen in 18 (10.5%) and in three (1.7%) patients, respectively. Follow-up was complete in 148 patients with a mean of 4.2 years. Overall, 111 patients were asymptomatic after surgical treatment, symptoms were improved in 31, and unchanged or worse in six. CONCLUSIONS: Surgical treatment of bronchiectasis is more effective in patient with localized disease. It is satisfactory with acceptable ratio of morbidity and mortality.

CT and MRI in tuberculous sternal osteomyelitis: a case report.

We report a 58-year-old male patient presenting with a 1-year history of presternal swelling and pain. Plain radiography revealed increased soft tissue density anterior to the body of the sternum, which showed cortical sclerosis. Computed tomography (CT) demonstrated ring-enhancing hypodense soft tissue masses surrounding the sternum, whose anterior and posterior cortices were markedly thickened. On three-phase technetium bone scintigraphy, the left side of the sternum showed increased radiotracer uptake and the central part of the bone was photopenic. The bone marrow of the sternum and peristernal soft tissue lesions were hypo- and hyperintense on T1- and T2-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) images, respectively, and showed marked enhancement postgadolinium. Treatment included both surgical intervention and medical therapy.

[Development and treatment approaches of bronchopleural fistula after pulmonary resection]. / Rezeksiyon sonrasi bronkoplevral fistül gelisimi ve tedavi yaklasimlari.

Pulmonary resections comprise most of the operations performed in thoracic surgery departments. Diseases like pulmonary cancers, bronchiectasis, pulmonary abscess, tuberculosis and fungal infections are treated surgically by pulmonary resections. One of the important steps of the pulmonary resection is to suture the bronchi through which the air is supplied to the resected pulmonary tissue. Bronchopleural fistula developed in the bronchial stump is encompassed as one of the most important factors affecting mortality and morbidity regarding postoperative complications.

Endobronchial lipoma: a case report.

Endobronchial lipoma (EL) is a rare benign neoplasm that may cause irreversible pulmonary damage distally, and may be misdiagnosed clinically as a bronchial carcinoid or malignant tumor. They simulate malignant tumors, because of the age, sex and smoking history of the patients in whom they are found. Proper management is a "must" in order to avoid serious and unnecessary complications of the lung. We present a case of endobronchial lipoma, which is located in the right upper lobe bronchus, and diagnosed and treated by surgery.

The diagnostic role of dual-phase (18)F-FDG PET/CT in the characterization of solitary pulmonary nodules.

OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to evaluate the diagnostic role of dual-phase (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose ((18)F-FDG) PET/computed tomography (CT) in the characterization of solitary pulmonary nodules (SPNs). PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 48 SPNs in 48 patients were included in this retrospective study. The final diagnosis was confirmed histopathologically or by follow-up CT. Two PET/CT scans were performed: the first (early scan) was performed 1 h after injection and the second (delayed scan) was performed 2 h later. Standardized uptake values (SUVs) [early and delayed SUVmax and SUVmean adjusted to body weight, body surface area (BSA), lean body mass (LBM) and blood glucose level (Glc)], retention index and nodule-to-mediastinum (nodule activity/subcarinal region of interest activity) ratios were calculated, along with the receiver operating characteristic curve. Intraobserver and interobserver variabilities among nuclear medicine physicians were analysed for the two phases. RESULTS: Eighteen patients had malignant tumour, whereas 30 had benign lesions. The median (min-max) SUVmax was 1.5 (0.5-4.1) in the benign group and 3.6 (1.3-38) in the malignant group. With the threshold value of early SUVmax as 2.5 and 2.75 using the receiver operating characteristic curve, a sensitivity of 94-75%, specificity of 75-80% and an accuracy of 83-78% were calculated. With the same threshold values for delayed images, 94-100% sensitivity, 77-80% specificity and 83-88% accuracy were obtained. BSA-SUVmax, LBM-SUVmax and Glc-SUVmax did not show any advantage over other quantitative parameters in the SPN characterization. There was no variability in the results obtained between the two nuclear medicine physicians. CONCLUSION: Dual-phase PET/CT may increase the diagnostic potential of PET/CT in the characterization of SPNs. In this particular study group, a threshold value could not be determined for the retention index, but higher retention indices may show higher malignant potential in SPNs.

The role of contrast enhanced three-dimensional MR angiography in pulmonary sequestration.

Pulmonary sequestration is a relatively rare but clinically significant form of congenital broncho-pulmonary foregut malformation. It is characterized by a segment of non-functioning lung parenchyma that receives its blood supply from anomalous systemic arteries. This report shows the role of contrast enhanced three-dimensional MR angiography, which demonstrated abnormal feeding artery to the sequestered from the thoracic aorta with draining pulmonary veins.