RESUMEN
Cerebral palsy (CP) is a common pediatric disorder that results in a wide range of motor and functional problems that impose mobility limitations, decrease the quality of movement, negatively affect physical activity participation, self-care, and academic performance, and ultimately result in social isolation and negative self-evaluation. Despite abundant evidence of motor function, very few studies investigated all aspects of self-evaluation or described the relationship between motor function and self in individuals with CP. The present study aimed at investigating the relationship between functional motor status and self-evaluation in individuals with CP. A systematic search was performed in six electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, ProQuest, OTseeker, Web of Sciences, and Google Scholar) for English language articles from any date to May 2019. Screening, selection, and quality assessment were conducted by two authors independently. All studies recruiting individuals with CP and using functional motor status and self-evaluation tests were included. The AXIS checklist was used for the quality assessment of included studies. As all data sources were generated by published studies, ethical approval was not applicable to the present study. Seven articles met the inclusion criteria. These studies investigated the relationship between functional motor status and self-esteem and self-concept. Based on the AXIS, three articles were identified as high quality and four as low quality. The result of the present review showed that there was no relationship between self-concept and functional motor status in individuals with CP, while there was a significant relationship between self-esteem and functional motor status. More studies are required to shed light on other aspects of self and relationship of self-evaluation with motor function in individuals with CP.
RESUMEN
Intratumoral heterogeneity is a characteristic of glioblastomas that contain an intermixture of cell populations displaying different glioblastoma subtype gene expression signatures. Proportions of these populations change during tumor evolution, but the occurrence and regulation of glioblastoma subtype transition is not well described. To identify regulators of glioblastoma subtypes we utilized a combination of in vitro experiments and in silico analyses, using experimentally generated as well as publicly available data. Through this combined approach SOX2 was identified to confer a proneural glioblastoma subtype gene expression signature. SFRP2 was subsequently identified as a SOX2-antagonist, able to induce a mesenchymal glioblastoma subtype signature. A subset of patient glioblastoma samples with high SFRP2 and low SOX2 expression was particularly enriched with mesenchymal subtype samples. Phenotypically, SFRP2 decreased tumor sphere formation, stemness as assessed by limiting dilution assay, and overall cell proliferation but increased cell motility, whereas SOX2 induced the opposite effects. Furthermore, an SFRP2/non-canonical-WNT/KLF4/PDGFR/phospho-AKT/SOX2 signaling axis was found to be involved in the mesenchymal transition. Analysis of human tumor tissue spatial gene expression patterns showed distinct expression of SFRP2- and SOX2-correlated genes in vascular and cellular areas, respectively. Finally, conditioned media from SFRP2 overexpressing cells increased CD206 on macrophages. Together, these findings present SFRP2 as a SOX2-antagonist with the capacity to induce a mesenchymal subtype transition in glioma cells located in vascular tumor areas, highlighting its role in glioblastoma tumor evolution and intratumoral heterogeneity.