Enhancement of Above Threshold Ionization in Resonantly Excited Helium Nanodroplets.

Clusters and nanodroplets hold the promise of enhancing high-order nonlinear optical effects due to their high local density. However, only moderate enhancement has been demonstrated to date. Here, we report the observation of energetic electrons generated by above-threshold ionization (ATI) of helium (He) nanodroplets which are resonantly excited by ultrashort extreme ultraviolet (XUV) free-electron laser pulses and subsequently ionized by near-infrared (NIR) or near-ultraviolet (UV) pulses. The electron emission due to high-order ATI is enhanced by several orders of magnitude compared with He atoms. The crucial dependence of the ATI intensities with the number of excitations in the droplets suggests a local collective enhancement effect.

Surface relaxation in water clusters: evidence from theoretical analysis of the oxygen 1s photoelectron spectrum.

We present a theoretical interpretation of the oxygen 1s photoelectron spectrum published by Ohrwall et al. [J. Chem. Phys. 123, 054310 (2005)]. A water cluster that contains 200 molecules was simulated at 215 K using the polarizable AMOEBA force field. The force field predicts longer O...O distances at the cluster surface than in the bulk. Comparisons to ab initio molecular dynamics (MD) simulations indicate that the force field underestimates the degree of surface relaxation. By comparing cluster lineshape models, computed from MD simulations, to the experimental spectrum we find further evidence of surface relaxation.

What can C1s photoelectron spectroscopy tell about structure and bonding in clusters of methanol and methyl chloride?

Single-component clusters of methanol and methyl chloride have been produced by adiabatic expansion, and their carbon 1s photoelectron spectra were recorded using synchrotron radiation and a high-resolution electron analyzer. The experimental spectra are interpreted by means of theoretical models based on molecular dynamics simulations. The data are used to explore to what extent core-level photoelectron spectra may provide information on the bonding mechanism and the geometric structure of clusters of polar molecules. The results indicate that the cluster-to-monomer shift in ionization energy and also the width of the cluster peak may be used to distinguish between hydrogen bonding and weaker electrostatic interactions. Moreover, the larger width of the cluster peak in methanol clusters as compared to methyl chloride clusters is partly due to the structured surface of methanol clusters. Theoretical modeling greatly facilitates the analysis of core-level photoelectron spectra of molecular clusters.

Size of neutral argon clusters from core-level photoelectron spectroscopy.

Theoretical models of lineshapes in Ar2p photoionization spectra have been calculated for free, neutral argon clusters of different sizes. The lineshape models are fitted to experimental spectra and used to estimate the mean cluster size realized in the experiment. The results indicate that size estimators working from stagnation conditions [R. Karnbach, M. Joppien, J. Stapelfeldt, J. Wörmer and T.Möller, Rev. Sci. Instrum., 1993, 64, 2838] may underestimate the mean cluster size.

Lineshapes in carbon 1s photoelectron spectra of methanol clusters.

A general protocol for theoretical modeling of inner-shell photoelectron spectra of molecular clusters is presented and applied to C1s spectra of oligomers and medium-sized clusters of methanol. The protocol employs molecular dynamics for obtaining cluster geometries and a polarizable force field for computing site-specific chemical shifts in ionization energy and linewidth. Comparisons to spectra computed from first-principle theories are used to establish the accuracy of the proposed force field approach. The model is used to analyze the C1s photoelectron spectrum of medium-sized clusters in terms of surface and bulk contributions. By treating the surface-to-bulk ratio as an adjustable parameter, satisfactory fits are obtained to experimental C1s spectra of a beam of methanol clusters.

Two size regimes of methanol clusters produced by adiabatic expansion.

Free neutral methanol clusters produced by adiabatic expansion have been studied by photoelectron spectroscopy and line shape modeling. The results show that clusters belonging to two distinct size regimes can be produced by changing the expansion conditions. While the larger size regime can be well described by line shapes calculated for clusters consisting of hundreds of molecules, the smaller size regime corresponds to methanol oligomers, predominantly of cyclic structure. There is little contribution from dimers to the spectra.

Conformational effects in inner-shell photoelectron spectroscopy of ethanol.

The carbon 1s photoelectron spectrum of ethanol shows two peaks, one for the methyl carbon and one for the functionalized carbon. While the peak shape for the functionalized carbon is readily understood, the shape for the methyl carbon requires that there be comparable contributions from both the anti and gauche conformers of ethanol and that the torsional motion in the HOCC dihedral angle be strongly excited upon core ionization. An accurate description of the peak shape requires a high level of electronic-structure theory together with consideration of anharmonicity and coupling of the torsional motion with other vibrational modes.