Effects of Sleep Deprivation, Non-Dominant Hand Employment, Caffeine and Alcohol Intake During Surgical Performance: Lessons Learned From the Retina Eyesi Virtual Reality Surgical Simulator.

Purpose: Determine whether real-life surgical experience correlates with scores on a retina virtual simulator and the effects of various challenges on surgical performance. Methods: The study was performed using the Eyesi Surgical Simulator, a virtual reality retina surgical simulator. Residents, fellows, and retina staff were assessed on surgical simulations to determine surgical skills. Participants were assigned baseline scores on speed, efficiency of movement, and ability to avoid retinal damage. After receiving their baseline scores, participants were challenged to use their non-dominant hand or to use the simulator after sleep deprivation or the intake of caffeine or alcohol. Results: At baseline, junior residents had an average score of 943; senior residents, 1045; retina fellows, 1153; and surgical retina staff, 1161. A 12.5% overall improvement in scores was achieved when comparing baseline 1 to baseline 2; a major improvement was recorded in residents (14.5%) compared with fellows and retina staff (9.97%). A statistically significant difference was observed between residents and fellows (P = 0.027), as well as between residents and retina staff (P = 0.04). A significant decrease in performance (15.7%) was observed when the non-dominant hand was used (P = 0.043). Performance after sleep deprivation and alcohol intake decreased, but not with a statistically significant difference (P = 0.6 and P = 0.5, respectively). A trend toward increasing performance was observed after caffeine intake (6.1%; P = 0.06). Conclusions: The retina virtual simulator is a novel teaching tool for retinal surgery. A significant association was observed between real surgical experience and the retina surgery virtual simulator results based on surgical experience. Translational Relevance: An association between real surgical experience and retina surgery virtual simulator results was demonstrated. A complete training program with a cut-off threshold score should be validated for retina training programs.

Cilioretinal artery hypoperfusion and its association with paracentral acute middle maculopathy.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: To study the multimodal imaging findings of a large series of eyes with cilioretinal artery obstruction (CILRAO) and describe the systemic associations. METHODS: Multicentre, retrospective chart review from 12 different retina clinics worldwide of eyes with CILRAO, defined as acute retinal whitening in the distribution of the cilioretinal artery, were identified. The clinical, systemic information and multimodal retinal imaging findings were collected and analysed. RESULTS: A total of 53 eyes of 53 patients with CILRAO were included in the study. In 100% of eyes, fundus photography illustrated deep retinal whitening corresponding to the course of the cilioretinal artery. Twenty-eight patients (52.8%) presented with isolated CILRAO (baseline best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) 20/50, final BCVA 20/25) associated with nocturnal hypotension, 23 patients (43.4%) with CILRAO secondary to central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) (baseline BCVA 20/40, final BCVA 20/20) and two patients with CILRAO due to biopsy-proven giant cell arteritis (GCA) (baseline BCVA 20/175, final BCVA 20/75). With spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT), a hyper-reflective band involving the inner nuclear layer (ie, paracentral acute middle maculopathy or PAMM) was noted in 51 eyes (28/28 eyes with isolated CILRAO and 23/23 eyes with CILRAO+CRVO) corresponding to the retinal whitening. In the two eyes with CILRAO+GCA, SD-OCT illustrated hyper-reflective ischaemia of both the middle and inner retina. CONCLUSIONS: Isolated CILRAO and CILRAO secondary to CRVO are the result of hypoperfusion or insufficiency, rather than occlusion, of the cilioretinal artery and are associated with PAMM or selective infarction of the the inner nuclear layer. With GCA, there is complete occlusion of the cilioretinal artery producing ischaemia involving both the middle and inner retina associated with worse visual outcomes.

Lid splinting eyelid retraction technique: a minimised sterile approach for intravitreal injections.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: To describe an alternative technique for avoiding contact with the lids and lashes, without the use of a lid speculum, during intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor injections. METHODS: Retrospective case series of all patients undergoing intravitreal injections of bevacizumab and ranibizumab, with the lid splinting retraction technique from January 2010 to December 2015. Injections performed by six vitreoretinal specialists were included. The key preinjection ocular surface preparation includes topical anaesthetic, 5% povidone-iodine and a subconjunctival injection of 2% lidocaine with epinephrine. A second instillation of 5% povidone-iodine is given and the intravitreal injection is then performed. No lid speculum is used. A search of the electronic medical records identified patients diagnosed with postinjection endophthalmitis and charts were reviewed to ensure inclusion criteria were met. The main outcome measure was incidence of postinjection endophthalmitis. RESULTS: A total of 78 009 consecutive intravitreal injections were performed, of which 22 207 were bevacizumab and 55 802 were ranibizumab. In this cohort of patients (n=6320), 12 cases of endophthalmitis developed, corresponding to a rate of 0.015%. CONCLUSIONS: The technique of eyelid retraction for intravitreal injection has a low rate of endophthalmitis, similar to the reported rates using a metal lid speculum. This is beneficial for both the physician and the patient as it minimises patient discomfort as well as the duration of the procedure. To our knowledge, this is one of the largest studies performed to date evaluating intravitreal injection-related endophthalmitis.

Surgical macular decompression for macular edema in retinal vein occlusion.

BACKGROUND: Recently, a number of surgical and laser approaches have been used to improve visual outcome in cases of central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) and branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO). Intravitreal steroid injection alone appears to offer only temporary improvement at best. Radial optic neurotomy for CRVO and arteriovenous adventitial sheathotomy for BRVO are the most frequently utilized surgical procedures for these conditions, but evidence regarding efficacy is still lacking. We have suggested that macular decompression by internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling may reduce macular edema and hemorrhage and improve visual acuity by relieving elevated intraretinal tissue pressure and facilitating egress of blood and extracellular fluid out of inner retinal layers into the vitrectomized vitreous cavity. METHODS: 50 cases of severe visual loss due to macular edema caused by CRVO or BRVO, not eligible for laser photocoagulation, underwent pars plana vitrectomy with removal of preretinal hyaloid, peeling of the ILM stained with indocyanine green dye, air-fluid exchange, and postoperative prone positioning. RESULTS: In all cases, intraretinal blood and retinal thickening diminished within 6 weeks of surgery. Visual acuity improved in 87% of CRVO cases and 68% of BRVO cases. Vision improved and stabilized at 39 days after surgery. Average improvement was 2.6 lines with a 6-line improvement in 1 case. There was no difference in outcome between cases with ischemic or nonischemic features on fluorescein angiography. INTERPRETATION: Macular decompression using vitrectomy and ILM peeling is effective in the treatment of severe visual loss due to macular edema in CRVO and in those BRVO cases that do not qualify for laser photocoagulation.

The other CNVM: a review of myopic choroidal neovascularization treatment in the age of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agents.

Choroidal neovascular membranes (CNVM) associated with pathological myopia (PM) can result in significant vision loss and legal blindness. These membranes usually occur subfoveally and are a major complication of PM, developing in approximately 5-10% of such eyes. PM is the second most common cause of choroidal neovascularization after age-related macular degeneration (AMD), and accounts for nearly 60% of CNVM cases in patients younger than age 50. Vascular endothelial growth factor-A has been implicated as the major angiogenic stimulus responsible for choroidal neovascularization secondary to AMD and several major studies have proved the benefits of anti-VEGF treatment for AMD-related CNVM. Benefits have also been observed in a number of prospective and retrospective studies evaluating PM CNVM. Despite the small differences in molecular properties of ranibizumab and bevacizumab, both drugs showed similar therapeutic effects for CNVM associated with PM. Many studies also highlighted that patient age, previous photodynamic therapy treatment, axial length, and visual acuity prior to treatment may affect treatment prognosis. Although there is a paucity of large randomized controlled trials, this systematic review highlights the large numbers of individual trials that demonstrate a significant improvement in VA. The inferior long-term results of alternative therapies, combined with an excellent safety profile from anti-VEGF treatment, make anti-VEGF the current recommended first-line therapy.

Documenting the subjective patient experience of first versus second cataract surgery.

PURPOSE: To examine the subjective patient experience after cataract surgery. SETTING: Single multisurgeon cataract facility. DESIGN: Prospective intraindividual observational study. METHODS: Patients completed a questionnaire immediately after cataract extraction performed in their second eye. All patients had second-eye surgery within 6 months of first-eye surgery. Cases longer than 30 minutes were excluded. RESULTS: Of the 292 patients who completed the questionnaire, 12 were excluded based on surgical time. The response rate varied per question. The surgery was rated as taking longer or being more painful in the second eye by 127 patients (45.4%) and in the first eye by 38 patients (13.5%) (P < .05); 115 patients (41.1%) reported no difference. Patients (47.83%) who rated the second eye as the generally more negative experience thought their vision would be better and 3.48% worse (P < .05); 48.70% thought it would be the same. No difference was noted in length of surgery (P = .3) or sedation used (P = .96). CONCLUSIONS: Of 125 patients who rated second-eye surgery as the generally more unpleasant procedure, 90 (72.0%) were similarly or more relaxed during the second procedure. Second-eye cataract surgery was perceived as being a longer and/or more painful procedure by a significant number of patients (45.4%), and only 3.48% thought that vision in the second eye would be worse. These results can help surgeons when counseling patients regarding expectations for second surgery. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE: No author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.

Pediatric orbital cellulitis in the Haemophilus influenzae vaccine era.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the microbiology of pediatric orbital cellulitis in blood cultures and abscess drainage cultures following the introduction of the Haemophilus influenzae serotype b (Hib) vaccine. METHODS: The medical records of all pediatrics patients (aged <18 years) at a tertiary pediatric hospital during the period January 2000 to July 2011 with a computed tomography orbital imaging querying "orbital cellulitis," "periorbital cellulitis," "preseptal cellulitis," or "post-septal cellulitis" were retrospectively reviewed. The records, microbiology, and radiology of these patients were reviewed to assess the rates and complications of H. influenzae orbital cellulitis, including bacteremia and meningitis. RESULTS: A total of 149 patients were diagnosed with preseptal or orbital cellulitis, of whom 101 (mean age, 7.2 ± 4.0) had true orbital cellulitis. No patients grew H. influenzae from blood cultures. Of the 101 patients, 30 (29.7%) required surgical drainage and had abscess drainage fluid sent for microbiology. Of these, 18 (64.3%) had a positive culture: 4 (13.3%) grew H. influenzae from their abscess drainage fluid samples; 1 grew H. influenzae alone; and 3 had mixed growth that included H. influenzae. The patients positive for H. influenzae were significantly older and had significantly larger abscesses. CONCLUSIONS: Although there were no cases of H. influenzae bacteremia or meningitis in our cases of orbital cellulitis, abscess drainage fluid microbiology indicated that H. influenzae remains a cause of orbital cellulitis. H. influenzae abscess volume was significantly larger than other bacterial abscesses and was associated with abscesses of mixed bacterial growth in older children.

Correlation between corneal sensitivity, subjective dry eye symptoms and corneal staining in Sjögren's syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have shown a poor correlation between dry eye symptoms and objective clinical signs in patients with Sjögren's syndrome. We examined the hypothesis that reduced corneal sensitivity is associated with increased ocular surface disease and reduced symptoms in patients with Sjögren's syndrome. METHODS: Eighteen subjects with a diagnosis of Sjögren's syndrome attending a Sjögren's clinic participated in the study. All participants completed the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) and the Symptom Severity of Discomfort (SSD) scale and answered a question regarding overall severity of dry eye symptoms. The subjects underwent measurement of best-corrected Snellen visual acuity, corneal sensitivity testing with the Cochet-Bonnet esthesiometer, fluorescein and lissamine green staining of the cornea, Schirmer's test I and determination of the tear film break-up time. The results were analysed using Pearson correlational analysis. RESULTS: Both fluorescein and lissamine green staining of the cornea correlated negatively with central corneal sensation (r = -0.3542, p = 0.034, and r = -0.3748, p = 0.029 respectively), indicating that corneal sensation was reduced with increased ocular surface disease. The overall symptom severity correlated negatively with lissamine green staining of the cornea (r = -0.4310, p = 0.011), suggesting reduced symptoms with increased corneal disease. INTERPRETATION: Reduced corneal sensation correlated with increased ocular surface disease. Ocular surface disease similarly demonstrated a reciprocal relation with patients' dry eye symptoms. Consequently, we found that patients with Sjogren's syndrome with advanced corneal staining tended to have fewer dry eye symptoms than patients with less corneal staining.

The effect of adding orbital computed tomography findings to the Chandler criteria for classifying pediatric orbital cellulitis in predicting which patients will require surgical intervention.

PURPOSE: To assess the effect of adding orbital computerized tomography (CT) findings to the Chandler criteria for classifying pediatric orbital cellulitis in predicting which patients will require surgical intervention. METHODS: The medical records of patients with orbital CT at a tertiary pediatric hospital from January 2000 to March 2011 were reviewed retrospectively. CT images of cases with radiology report of postseptal orbital involvement were further reviewed by a neuroradiologist. RESULTS: Of 101 cases of orbital cellulitis, 71 (mean age, 7.1 ± 4.0) were successfully managed with systemic antibiotics alone; 30 patients (mean age, 7.2 ± 4.3) required surgical intervention. Bony destruction on CT was significantly associated with surgical intervention (P = 0.02), and the size of the subperiosteal abscess (SPA) was significantly correlated with management outcome. Patients who were managed with systemic antibiotics alone had a mean SPA volume of 2.1 ± 2.4 mL; those who had undergone surgical intervention had a mean SPA volume of 14.3 mL ± 16.8 mL (P < 0.0001). If SPA volume is <3.8 mL, then the probability of surgery is 12%; if SPA is >3.8 mL, the probability of surgery is 71% (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Adding radiological characteristics such as presence of bony destruction on CT and size of SPA to the Chandler orbital cellulitis classification scheme increases the ability to more accurately predict which patients will require surgical intervention.

Virtual reality ophthalmic surgical simulation as a feasible training and assessment tool: results of a multicentre study.

OBJECTIVE: To compare performance on the Eyesi surgical simulator by users with different levels of experience in ophthalmology. DESIGN: Multicentre cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS: Four medical students, 4 ophthalmic medical technologist trainees, 36 ophthalmology residents, 3 fellows, and 18 staff ophthalmologists. METHODS: Subjects were recruited at the 2007 Canadian Ophthalmological Society Meeting and in the departments of ophthalmology at the University of Toronto, University of Ottawa, and University of Western Ontario. Subjects performed a standardized 20-minute session on the Eyesi simulator. The protocol consisted of a practice trial in the anterior segment module, followed by 3 scored trials in the anterior forceps, antitremor, and capsulorhexis modules. RESULTS: In the forceps module, participants with greater experience achieved significantly higher total scores than those who were less experienced: staff ophthalmologists (Group D) = 67.9 (SD 18.4), senior residents and fellows (Group C) = 67.6 (SD 21.1), junior residents (Group B) = 52.9 (SD 29.4), medical students and ophthalmic medical technologist trainees (Group A) = 27.8 (SD 29.4) (p = 0.011), with lower total task time (p = 0.044) and fewer injuries to the cornea (p = 0.001) and lens (p = 0.026). In the antitremor module, subjects in Group D achieved significantly higher (p = 0.004) total scores (46.7, SD 21.6) than Groups C (45.8, SD 25.1), B (41.2, SD 29.4), and A (8.5, SD 9.2) with lower total task time (p = 0.005) and fewer errors (p = 0.003). In the capsulorhexis module there was also a positive correlation between experience and total scores achieved (p = 0.065). CONCLUSIONS: Subjects' level of training is a reliable predictor of their performance on the Eyesi anterior forceps and antitremor modules (p < 0.05), indicating the modules' construct validity.

Chronic open-angle glaucoma. Review for primary care physicians.

INTRODUCTION: Chronic open-angle glaucoma (COAG) is a leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide, including in Canada. It presents a challenge in diagnosis, as disease often progresses without symptoms; an estimated 50% of cases are undetected. SOURCES OF INFORMATION: MEDLINE searches, reference lists of articles, and expert knowledge from one of the authors (K.F.D.), a glaucoma specialist, were used. MAIN MESSAGE: A casefinding approach using early referral to optometrists and ophthalmologists for early detection of COAG is helpful for patients with risk factors such as age above 50, a positive family history, black race, and myopia. Moderate evidence for referral also exists for the following risk factors: hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism, and sleep apnea. Treatment with intraocular pressure-lowering medication can arrest or slow the course of the disease, permitting patients to retain good visual function. Family physicians should be aware that some intraocular pressure-lowering medications, particularly topical beta-blockers, can pose iatrogenic harm to patients and result in or exacerbate such conditions as asthma, cardiovascular disturbances, depression, and sexual dysfunction. CONCLUSION: Appropriate referral patterns and an understanding of common as well as serious side effects of glaucoma medications are important in optimizing management of patients at risk of developing, or who have, COAG.