Photobiomodulation alleviates Burning Mouth Syndrome pain: Immediate and weekly outcomes explored.

Burning Mouth Syndrome (BMS) is an intraoral chronic burning or dysesthetic sensation, without clinically evident causative lesions on clinical examination and investigation. AIM: To assess immediate and weekly effects of photobiomodulation (PBM) on BMS patients. METHODS: Thirty BMS patients were treated intra-orally with photobiomodulation 940(±10) nm (InGaAsP) 3 W, semi-conductor diode, weekly, for up to 10 weeks. Pain intensity, measured using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), and characteristics were recorded immidiately after each treatment, along with a weekly average VAS. RESULTS: Immediate mean VAS score decreased from a starting score of 7.80 ± 1.83 to 2.07 ± 2.55 (p < 0.001). The mean weekly VAS score for the week after the final treatment session was higher (5.73 ± 2.80, p < 0.001) than the immediate response, but still significantly lower than the starting score (p = 0.017). We observed a trend of pain improvement with more treatments, but this was only statistically significant up to the third treatment. Male gender and unilateral pain correlated with better PBM efficacy (p = 0.017, 0.022, respectively). CONCLUSION: PBM provides significant immediate pain relief for BMS patients after each treatment; however, the efficacy decreases notably over the following week. A trend of increasing pain relief across treatments was observed, statistically significant up to the third treatment.

The anatomical pattern of ductal arborization in parotid glands using cone-beam computerized sialography.

Cone-Beam Computed Tomography-Sialography (Sialo-CBCT) is used to demonstrate salivary ductal structure. This study aimed to conduct a volumetric analysis of the anatomical morphology of Normal-Appearing Glands (NAGs) in parotid sialo-CBCT. Our retrospective study included 14 parotid sialo-CBCT scans interpreted as NAGs in 11 patients with salivary gland impairment. The main duct length and width, as well as number and width of secondary and tertiary ducts were manually evaluated. We found that the main parotid duct showed an average width of 1.39 mm, 1.15 mm, and 0.98 mm, for the proximal, middle and distal thirds, respectively. The arborization pattern showed approximately 20% more tertiary (average number 11.1 ± 2.7) than secondary ducts (average number 9.0 ± 2.4) and approximately 8% narrower tertiary ducts (average width 0.65 ± 0.11 mm) compared to the secondary ducts (average width 0.77 ± 0.14 mm). Our anatomical analysis of NAGs in parotid sialo-CBCT demonstrated progressive narrowing of the main duct and increasing arborization and decreasing lumen size starting from the primary to the tertiary ducts. This is the most updated study regarding the anatomy of the parotid glands as demonstrated in sialo-CBCT. Our results may provide clinicians with the basic information for understanding aberration from normal morphology, as seen in salivary gland pathologies as well facilitate planning of treatment strategies, such as minimally invasive sialo-endoscopies, commonly practiced today.

Integrated therapy of intraductal irrigations and sialoendoscopies of salivary glands to improve mouth dryness.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the combination of salivary gland intraductal irrigations (IG) followed by sialoendoscopy irrigations (SI) of the parotid gland on the improvement of salivary gland secretory dysfunction (SGSD). METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the records of SGSD patients who underwent major salivary gland IG followed by SI during 2014-2020. Records included demographics, systemic background, signs, and symptoms. Improvement was assessed by comparing the mean unstimulated and stimulated whole salivary flow rate (UWSF, SWSF) from the baseline point (before IG procedure) to the last point (after SI) using repeated measures. The between-subjects effects of various factors and covariants were analyzed using repeated measures ANCOVA. RESULTS: One hundred patients were included with an age range of 15-83 years (mean age of 60.1 ± 13.1 years). Improvement was detected on UWSF measurements (p = 0.031, F = 3.83), but not on SWSF measurements (p = 0.165, F = 1.85). The between-subjects effects on UWSF measurements were statistically significant for sex (p = 0.003, F = 9.526) and salivary gland manipulators use (p < 0.001, F = 15.107) and for the interaction between sex and salivary gland manipulators use (p- = 0.002, F = 9.709). Results of long-term follow-up for 10.87 ± 11.79 months after the SI procedure demonstrated sustained improvement in UWSF measurements (p = 0.011, F = 4.91). CONCLUSIONS: The combination of IG followed by SI increases UWSF salivary secretion in SGSD patients for a relatively extended duration.

Salivary Endocannabinoid Profiles in Chronic Orofacial Pain and Headache Disorders: An Observational Study Using a Novel Tool for Diagnosis and Management.

The endocannabinoid system is involved in physiological and pathological processes, including pain generation, modulation, and sensation. Its role in certain types of chronic orofacial pain (OFP) has not been thoroughly examined. By exploring the profiles of specific salivary endocannabinoids (eCBs) in individuals with different types of OFP, we evaluated their use as biomarkers and the influence of clinical parameters and pain characteristics on eCB levels. The salivary levels of anandamide (AEA), 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG), and their endogenous breakdown product arachidonic acid (AA), as well as the eCB-like molecules N-palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) and N-oleoylethanolamide (OEA), were assessed in 83 OFP patients and 43 pain-free controls using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Patients were grouped by diagnosis: post-traumatic neuropathy (PTN), trigeminal neuralgia (TN), temporomandibular disorder (TMD), migraine, tension-type headache (TTH), and burning mouth syndrome (BMS). Correlation analyses between a specific diagnosis, pain characteristics, and eCB levels were conducted. Significantly lower levels of 2-AG were found in the TN and TTH groups, while significantly lower PEA levels were found in the migraine group. BMS was the only group with elevated eCBs (AEA) versus the control. Significant correlations were found between levels of specific eCBs and gender, health-related quality of life (HRQoL), BMI, pain duration, and sleep awakenings. In conclusion, salivary samples exhibited signature eCBs profiles for major OFP disorders, especially migraine, TTH, TN, and BMS. This finding may pave the way for using salivary eCBs biomarkers for more accurate diagnoses and management of chronic OFP patients.

Reduced Endocannabinoid Tone in Saliva of Chronic Orofacial Pain Patients.

BACKGROUND: the endocannabinoid system (ECS) participates in many physiological and pathological processes including pain generation, modulation, and sensation. Its involvement in chronic orofacial pain (OFP) in general, and the reflection of its involvement in OFP in salivary endocannabinoid (eCBs) levels in particular, has not been examined. OBJECTIVES: to evaluate the association between salivary (eCBs) levels and chronic OFP. METHODS: salivary levels of 2 eCBs, anandamide (AEA), 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), 2 endocannabinoid-like compoundsN-palmitoylethanolamine (PEA), N-oleoylethanolamine (OEA), and their endogenous precursor and breakdown product, arachidonic acid (AA), were analyzed using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry in 83 chronic OFP patients and 43 pain-free controls. The chronic OFP patients were divided according to diagnosis into musculoskeletal, neurovascular/migraine, and neuropathic pain types. RESULTS: chronic OFP patients had lower levels of OEA (p = 0.02) and 2-AG (p = 0.01). Analyzing specific pain types revealed lower levels of AEA and OEA in the neurovascular group (p = 0.04, 0.02, respectively), and 2-AG in the neuropathic group compared to controls (p = 0.05). No significant differences were found between the musculoskeletal pain group and controls. Higher pain intensity was accompanied by lower levels of AA (p = 0.028), in neuropathic group. CONCLUSIONS: lower levels of eCBs were found in the saliva of chronic OFP patients compared to controls, specifically those with neurovascular/migraine, and neuropathic pain. The detection of changes in salivary endocannabinoids levels related to OFP adds a new dimension to our understanding of OFP mechanisms, and may have diagnostic as well as therapeutic implications for pain.

Inhalation Sedation During the COVID-19 Outbreak: An Expert Opinion.

BACKGROUND: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), the pathogen that causes coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), is thought to be transmitted via droplets and aerosols, and was detected in saliva of infected individuals. These droplets from the upper airway may infect the inhalation sedation mask and tubing. The authors determined the adequate measures needed to prevent the transmission of COVID-19 by nitrous-oxide (N2O) system during inhalation sedation in dentistry and provided evidence on mask and tubing sterilization. Additional measures to protect patients and healthcare workers from COVID-19 that may be transmitted by the inhalation sedation system are discussed. The authors recommend minimal use of a N2O system during inhalation sedation in dentistry. In case of need, the practitioners should have more than one scavenger kit and nasal masks for each N2O/O2 mixer. Biologic barriers should be mounted between the scavenger's tubing and the central evacuation system. Strict cleansing and sterilization should be performed for all parts of the N2O system. The use a disposable scavenger system and nasal mask should be considered as a viable option.

Novel parotid sialo-cone-beam computerized tomography features in patients with suspected Sjogren's syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: Sjogren's syndrome (SjS) causes salivary gland impairment leading to oral dryness. Parotid sialo-cone-beam computerized tomography (sialo-CBCT) demonstrates ductal architecture and to a lesser extent gland activity. This study characterizes radiographic features of patients suspected for SjS and looks for a possible correlation with the diagnosis of SjS. METHODS: The clinical and radiographic data of suspected SjS/dry mouth patients referred for sialo-CBCT in 2011-2014 were reviewed retrospectively. Two observers studied the scans for various radiographic features including duct morphology, level of branching, ductopenia and sialectasia. These features were analysed taking the specific clinical data and two sets of SjS criteria: The 2002 American-European Consensus Group (AECG) and the 2012 American College of Rheumatology (ACR) Group. RESULTS: Sialo-CBCT scans of 67-referred patients suffering from dry mouth (115 parotid glands) were included. Intraradiographic association was found between ductopenia and all other radiographic parameters. Minimal, yet important, radiographic differences were found between left and right parotid glands. AECG-confirmed-SjS patients showed strong correlation with radiographic features, whereas ACR 2012-confirmed-SjS patients did not. CONCLUSION: Sialo-CBCT demonstrates novel radiographic features which may clarify the diagnosis of SjS. Further studies are needed to determine the role of sialo-CBCT in diagnosis of SjS.

Improvement of dry mouth following intraductal irrigation of salivary glands.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the effect of major salivary gland intraductal irrigations (IGs) to relieve mouth dryness. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the records of patients with mouth dryness who underwent major salivary gland IG during 2013-2015. Records included demographics, medical background, dry mouth etiologies and symptomatology, and results of sialometry and sialo-cone-beam computerized tomography. Subjective improvement following the IG procedure (yes/no) and sustained subjective improvement (mouth dryness relief for ≥1 month) were recorded. Objective improvement was assessed by comparing the mean unstimulated (USF) and stimulated (SSF) whole salivary flow (WSF) rate before and after the IG. RESULTS: Seventy-four patients were included [mean age: 59.08 ± 12.46 years]. Improvement was detected in the USF (p = .027), but not in the SSF (p = .878). Fifty-five (84.6%) noted subjective improvement, while 10 (15.4%) did not. Subjective improvement was positively associated with the USF following IG (p = .037), with salivary gland swelling episodes (p = .033), and with difficulties in swallowing dry foods (p = .014). Of those with subjective improvement, 45 (81.8%) reported sustained improvement, which was positively associated with lack of a gritty eye sensation (p = .042) and abnormal sialo-CBCT findings (p = .001). CONCLUSIONS: Major salivary gland IG is a simple and safe procedure that may relieve dry mouth for a relatively extended duration. Further studies are needed to confirm these preliminary findings and assess their underlying mechanisms.

Identification of Sjögren's syndrome oral fluid biomarker candidates following high-abundance protein depletion.

OBJECTIVE: SS is an autoimmune exocrinopathy affecting ∼1 million patients in the USA that is diagnosed mostly in middle-aged women. Oral fluids (OFs) serving as the mirror of the body were suggested as an ideal non-invasive diagnostic tool. Previously we developed depletion techniques for OF high-abundance proteins to increase visualization of low-abundance proteins. Therefore the aim of this study was to examine the effect of depletion pretreatments on the identification potential of SS OF biomarker candidates. METHODS: Unstimulated OFs were collected from 18 female SS patients and 18 healthy age- and gender-matched controls. High-abundance proteins were depleted using affinity and immunodepletion methodologies followed by semi-quantitative two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and quantitative dimethylation liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). To initially validate the MS results, western blotting was performed. RESULTS: The use of depletion strategy before proteomics analysis increased identification ability by 3-fold. Overall, 79 biomarker candidates were identified. Proteins with the most pronounced fold changes were related to SS serum or tissue factors. In addition, bioinformatics analysis of proteins with a >3-fold increase in SS patients showed calcium-binding proteins, defence-response proteins, proteins involved in apoptotic regulation, stress-response proteins and cell motion-related proteins. Preliminary validation by western blotting of profilin and CA-I indicated similar expression profile trends to those identified by quantitative MS. CONCLUSION: The significance of OF novel depletion methodologies is clearly demonstrated for increased visibility of biomarker candidates as well as for unveiling possible mechanisms involved in this syndrome. This represents a major contribution to our ability to use OF as a future diagnostic fluid.

World Workshop on Oral Medicine VI: a systematic review of medication-induced salivary gland dysfunction: prevalence, diagnosis, and treatment.

OBJECTIVES: Medication-induced salivary gland dysfunction (MISGD) causes significant morbidity resulting in decreased quality of life. This systematic review assessed the literature on the prevalence, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of MISGD. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Electronic databases were searched for articles related to MISGD through June 2013. Four independent reviewers extracted information regarding study design, study population, interventions, outcomes, and conclusions for each article. Only papers with acceptable degree of relevance, quality of methodology, and strength of evidence were retained for further analysis. RESULTS: There were limited data on the epidemiology of MISGD. Furthermore, various methods were used to assess salivary flow rate or xerostomia. Preventive and therapeutic strategies included substitution of medications, oral, or systemic therapy with sialogogues, use of saliva substitutes or of electro-stimulating devices. Although there are promising approaches to improve salivary gland function, most studies are characterized by small numbers and heterogeneous methods. CONCLUSIONS: Physicians and dentists should identify the medications associated with xerostomia and salivary gland dysfunction through a thorough medical history. Preferably, health care providers should measure the unstimulated and stimulated whole salivary flow rates of all their patients so that these values can be used as a baseline to rate the complaints of patients who subsequently claim to experience xerostomia or salivary gland dysfunction as well as the possibilities of effectively treating this condition. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: MISGD remains a major burden for the population. This systematic review provides a contemporary in-depth description of the diagnosis and treatment of MISGD.

Oral Health Related Quality of Life in Young Individuals with Dental Anxiety and Exaggerated Gag Reflex.

PURPOSE: To measure the oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) among young individuals presenting with dental anxiety and exaggerated gag reflex and to compare it to the OHRQoL among young individuals attending restorative dental treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients with dental anxiety and/or exaggerated gag reflex who were referred to the Department of Oral Medicine were included. Clinical examinations included DMFT index (Decayed, Missing and Filled Teeth) according to the WHO criteria and oral hygiene was assessed with the plaque index (PI). The survey included the validated Hebrew version of the Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-14). RESULTS: Overall, 322 patients completed the study. The dental anxiety group consisted of 68 patients, the exaggerated gag reflex group of 54 patients and the control group of 200 patients. Control group patients presented with lower PI and DMFT values. Patients with dental anxiety and/or exaggerated gag exhibited worse OHIP-14 scores overall as well as on each separate subscale. PI and DMFT were found to be in strong relation to the OHIP-14. Multivariable logistic regression analysis of factors influencing the OHIP-14 scores revealed a significant influence of the DMFT score. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with dental anxiety and exaggerated gag reflex were shown to suffer considerably from impaired oral health-related quality of life. This impairment may be attributed to a higher prevalence of caries and avoidance of dental treatment. Those populations should be identified and monitored carefully as well as encouraged to seek the appropriate behavioural treatment in order to improve their dental heath and oral health related quality of life.

Demographic profile, plaque index and DMFT scores of young individuals with dental anxiety and exaggerated gag reflex.

PURPOSE: To characterise demographic and clinical parameters among individuals with dental anxiety and exaggerated gag reflex compared to a control group and to analyse the associations between the various parameters. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty-eight patients with dental anxiety and 54 patients with exaggerated gag reflex were compared to a control group of 200 individuals undergoing dental treatment. The collected data included demographic parameters, health status, smoking habits, Decayed, Missing and Filled Teeth (DMFT) and plaque index (PI) scores. RESULTS: PI was significantly higher among patients with exaggerated gag reflex (1.91 ± 0.95) and dental anxiety patients (1.82 ± 0.89) compared to the control group (1.27 ± 0.74; P < 0.001). DMFT was significantly higher among patients with dental anxiety (13.64 ± 7.57) compared to patients with exaggerated gag reflex (10.52 ± 5.42; P = 0.033), and between both groups compared to the control group (4.09 ± 4.034; P < 0.001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that PI, DMFT and age were positively associated with exaggerated gag reflex and that DMFT and educational level were positively associated with dental anxiety compared to the control group. DMFT was the only significant parameter positively associated with dental anxiety compared to exaggerated gag reflex. CONCLUSION: DMFT and PI scores were higher among patients with dental anxiety and exaggerated gag reflex. Clinicians should consider additional oral hygiene measures and education, maintenance meetings and recall visits in those patients, as well as using supplementary aids, such as fluoride mouthwash and fluoride varnish applications, to maintain oral hygiene without triggering the exaggerated gag reflex.

Demographic and clinical factors associated with referrals and compliance to biopsy of oral and maxillofacial lesions.

BACKGROUND: The gold standard for diagnosing oral disease is tissue biopsy. Data regarding compliance with advised oral and maxillofacial (OMF) biopsy are scarce. PURPOSE: To quantify compliance and evaluate the demographics and clinical factors associated with referrals and compliance with OMF biopsy procedures. METHODS: Medical records of military personnel referred for a biopsy (RB; N = 669) of OMF lesions over a 4-year period were studied retrospectively. These patients were divided into performed the biopsy (PB; N = 386) and not perform biopsy (NPB; N = 283) groups. Demographic and clinical features were analyzed, and demographics were compared to a control group of general military personnel (N > 100,000). RESULTS: The RB group differed from the control group regarding age >21 (OR = 1.681, P < 0.001) and education >12 years of schooling (OR = 1.545, P < 0.001). Differences between the PB and NPB groups related to the clinical features of the lesion but not to demographic parameters. Exophytic and suspected potentially malignant/malignant lesions were positively associated with higher compliance to biopsy (OR = 1.75, P = 0.004 and OR = 2.18, P = 0.017, respectively). CONCLUSION: Referrals to biopsy of OMF lesions are significantly influenced by age and education, whereas compliance is influenced by clinical features or suspected malignancy. Clinicians and health authorities should be aware of non-compliance, enhance awareness to biopsy as the gold standard in the diagnostic workup of OMF lesions, and closely monitor compliance patterns of patients with clinical and demographic risk factors.

Quantitive Assessment of Gustatory Function and Its Association with Demographics, and Systemic Morbidity.

This study aimed to analyze the associations of gustatory dysfunction as measured by validated taste strips with demographics and co-morbidities. This cross-sectional study retrospectively analyzed records of patients who attended the Orofacial Chemosensory Center of Hadassah Medical Center between 2017 and 2020. Taste strips were used as a validated method to determine taste dysfunction. A total of 272 subjects were included, 137 (50.4%) women and 135 (49.6%) men, with a mean age of 53.5 ± 19.3 years and age range of 18-98 years. The total taste score among the study population was 8.53 ± 4.03 (scale range 0-16). Age had a significant negative correlation with the total taste score (p = 0.001), and men exhibited worse total (p < 0.001), salty (p = 0.003), and bitter (p < 0.001) scores. Major trauma was associated with worse total (p < 0.001) and specialized taste assessments (sweet (p = 0.001), sour (p = 0.002), salty (p = 0.016), and bitter (p < 0.001)). Chemotherapy was associated with reduced total (p < 0.001), salty (p = 0.003), and bitter (p = 0.001) taste scores. Zinc deficiency exhibited worse salty (p = 0.027) and total (p = 0.038) taste scores. Patients with burning mouth syndrome (BMS) showed higher salty scores (p = 0.017). Patients who experienced exposure to toxic chemicals exhibited worse salty scores (p = 0.024). We conclude that gustatory dysfunction is associated with older age, male sex, and co-morbidities of major trauma, current chemotherapy, zinc deficiency, BMS, and exposure to toxins. The study highlights the importance of systemic evaluation and quantitive gustatory dysfunction assessment as part of the diagnostic process of patients with subjective complaints of taste disorders.

Oxidative stress-mediated proapoptosis signaling: A novel theory on the mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of burning mouth syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is a chronic oral pain disorder characterized by a generalized burning sensation in the oral mucosa without apparent medical or dental causes. Despite various hypotheses proposed to explain BMS pathogenesis, a clear understanding of the cellular-level events and associated histologic and molecular findings is lacking. Advancing our understanding of BMS pathogenesis could facilitate the development of more targeted therapeutic interventions. TYPES OF STUDIES REVIEWED: The authors conducted an extensive literature search and review of cellular mechanisms, focusing on evidence-based data that support a comprehensive hypothesis for BMS pathogenesis. The authors explored novel and detailed mechanisms that may account for the characteristic features of BMS. RESULTS: The authors proposed that BMS symptoms arise from the uncontrolled activation of proapoptotic transmembrane calcium permeable channels expressed in intraoral mucosal nerve fibers. Elevated levels of reactive oxygen species or dysfunctional antiapoptosis pathways may lead to uncontrolled oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis signaling, resulting in upregulation of transmembrane transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 and P2X 3 calcium channels in nociceptive fibers. Activation of these channels can cause nerve terminal depolarization, leading to generation of action potentials that are centrally interpreted as pain. CONCLUSIONS AND PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: The authors present a novel hypothesis for BMS pathogenesis, highlighting the role of proapoptotic transmembrane calcium permeable channels and oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis signaling in the development of BMS symptoms. Understanding these underlying mechanisms could provide new insights into the development of targeted therapeutic interventions for BMS. Additional research is warranted to validate this hypothesis and explore potential avenues for effective management of BMS.

Patient profiles and success rates under different sedation techniques in a tertiary care center.

OBJECTIVES: Sedation is commonly utilized for individuals otherwise unable to receive dental treatment, such as those with disabilities, medically complex conditions, and dentophobics. The aim was to characterize the profiles of patients receiving various types of sedation and assess the corresponding success rates. METHOD AND MATERIALS: This was a 5-year records-based retrospective study. Data regarding the indication for sedation, medical history, sedation type, and treatments performed were recorded. RESULTS: In total, 103 patients underwent 389 treatment sessions under sedation; 42.7% of the patients were disabled. The most commonly administered sedation was moderate sedation, (49.4%), followed by deep (36.8%) and inhaled sedation (13.9%). Successful treatment results were achieved in 96.1% of sessions, with no adverse effects noted during recovery. The high success rates were independent of patient age, sex, and sedation type. There was a positive association between the indication for sedation and the type of sedation. The medically complex patients and the dentophobic patients received mainly moderate sedation (85.3% and 58.2%, respectively), whereas the disabled patients received deep sedation (51.2%). In total, 94% of patients were returning (re-visiting) patients. A statistically significant association was found between the type of sedation administered and the success rate during the first and last sessions (P < .001). The success rate at the first session may be predictive of the success in subsequent sessions. CONCLUSION: A significant positive correlation was found between patient characteristics and the chosen sedation type leading to a high success rate across the various sedation modalities.

Identification of oral bacteria as a new forensic tool for saliva detection.

Body fluid detection is an important component in the toolbox of forensic scientists, with saliva playing a particularly critical role in forensic evidence. Given that each body fluid possesses a distinct microbiome, the identification of body fluid based on specific representatives of the microbiota presents an appealing approach for forensic applications. In this study, we have developed a real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)-based method for the precise identification of saliva, focusing on three bacteria highly associated with saliva but not with other tested body fluids -Porphyromonas gingivalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Streptococcus salivarius. The inclusion of these three bacterial species enhances the accuracy of detection and reinforces validation. Notably, specific identification of saliva was achievable even at low concentrations where Phadebas, a commonly used method for saliva detection, proved ineffective. Importantly, bacteria-based saliva detection utilizes DNA generated for small tandem repeats (STR) profiling, facilitating seamless integration into forensic laboratories and optimizing DNA sample utilization. This study collectively proposes an effective bacterial DNA-based approach for saliva identification, demonstrating promising potential for forensic applications.