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OBJECTIVE: To report the burden of young-onset chronic kidney disease (CKD) in Mexico from 1990 to 2019, and to assess the association between young-onset CKD burden with the Socio-Demographic Index (SDI), and the Healthcare Access and Quality Index (HAQ). METHODS: Secondary analysis of data using the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) by sex, age groups, states, and subcauses. Mortality, years of life lost (YLL), years lived with disability (YLD), and disability-adjusted life years (DALY), were obtained. RESULTS: Between 1990 and 2019, the young-onset CKD mortality rate increased by 87.3% (126.3% for men and 48.1% for women). In 2019, this rate was highest in Tlaxcala, Estado de México, Puebla, Veracruz, Jalisco, and Guanajuato (all above 8 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants); Sinaloa and Quintana Roo had the lowest mortality rates (under 3.5 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants). While men had a higher rate of YLL, women were more likely to present YLD due to CKD. In 1990 there was a negative and statistically significant correlation between the HAQ Index and the young-onset CKD DALY rate. CONCLUSIONS: In the last 30 years, the burden of early-onset chronic CKD has had an unprecedented increase among the Mexican population, compromising the fulfillment of the Sustainable Development Goals. This will be unattainable if actions to promote healthy lifestyles and prevent kidney disease are not immediately established and articulated, starting with the youngest age groups.
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Carga Global de Enfermedades , Insuficiencia Renal Crónica , Masculino , Humanos , Femenino , México/epidemiología , Años de Vida Ajustados por Calidad de Vida , Factores de Riesgo , Insuficiencia Renal Crónica/epidemiología , Salud GlobalRESUMEN
Objective: 1) Describe the burden of chronic kidney disease in Latin American countries between 1990 and 2019; and 2) Estimate the correlation between disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and the Sociodemographic Index and the Healthcare Access and Quality Index. Methods: Secondary and ecological analysis, based on the 2019 Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries and Risk Factors Study. Standardized mortality rates, years of life lost to due to premature death (YLLs),years of healthy life lost due to disability (YLDs) and DALYs due to chronic kidney disease were reported for 1990, 2005, and 2019. Information was disaggregated by country, sex, age group, and sub-cause. Results: Between 1990 and 2019, the burden of chronic kidney disease increased considerably in Latin American countries, becoming one of the main causes of mortality and DALYs. The standardized rate of DALYs for chronic kidney disease was largely due to the weight of premature deaths rather than disability. In 2019, Nicaragua, El Salvador, Mexico, and Guatemala had the highest standardized mortality rates for chronic kidney disease and DALYs, while Uruguay had the lowest. Conclusions: Chronic kidney disease is an invisible epidemic that places an excessive burden in terms of mortality and DALYs on Latin American countries. It is essential to join forces to tackle the disease in the region, and promote local actions that address the particularities of each country.
Objetivo: 1) Descrever a carga da doença renal crônica nos países da América Latina entre 1990 e 2019 e 2) estimar a correlação entre os anos de vida saudável perdidos (AVISA), o índice sociodemográfico e o índice de acesso e qualidade da saúde. Métodos: Análise secundária e ecológica, baseada no estudo Carga Global de Doenças, Lesões e Fatores de Risco 2019 (GBD). Foram informadas taxas de mortalidade padronizadas, anos de vida perdidos por morte prematura (AVP) por morte prematura, anos de vida ajustados por incapacidade (AVAI) e AVISA devido a doença renal crônica de 1990, 2005 e 2019. Os dados foram desagregados por país, sexo, faixas etárias e causas subjacentes. Resultados: Entre 1990 e 2019, a carga de doença renal crônica aumentou consideravelmente nos países da América Latina, tornando-se uma das principais causas de mortalidade e de AVISA. A taxa padronizada de AVISA devido à doença renal crônica foi influenciada em grande parte pelo peso das mortes prematuras, e não da incapacidade. Em 2019, Nicarágua, El Salvador, México e Guatemala se destacaram por terem as maiores taxas padronizadas de mortalidade por doença renal crônica e AVISA, ao passo que Uruguai teve as menores taxas. Conclusões: A doença renal crônica é uma epidemia invisível, que representa uma carga excessiva em termos de mortalidade e de AVISA para os países da América Latina. É essencial unir esforços na região para combater a doença, além de promover ações locais que atendam às particularidades de cada país.
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The objectives of this study were: 1) to estimate the prevalence of child abuse (CA), intimate partner violence (IPV), and elder abuse (EA) in a representative sample of older Mexican women by status, type, and cause of disability; and 2) to examine the associations of EA with CA, IPV, and disability status. We conducted a secondary data analysis of 21,718 women aged 60 years and older. Older women with disabilities had higher prevalences of CA, IPV, and EA than those with some difficulties or without disabilities. In older women whose disability was acquired at birth or due to aggression, this prevalence was especially high. Older women with disabilities and a history of CA and IPV were twice as likely to suffer EA. Policymakers and government leaders should incorporate the matter of violence against women with disabilities into their public agendas. This should be done while considering the women's various disabilities and causes of disability.
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Personas con Discapacidad , Abuso de Ancianos , Violencia de Pareja , Humanos , Femenino , Abuso de Ancianos/estadística & datos numéricos , México/epidemiología , Anciano , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estudios Retrospectivos , Violencia de Pareja/estadística & datos numéricos , Prevalencia , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Maltrato a los Niños , Violencia Doméstica/estadística & datos numéricosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Elder abuse (EA), depressive symptoms, and loneliness represent a growing risk to the health, well-being, and premature mortality of older adults. However, the role of loneliness in the relationship between EA and depressive symptoms has not yet been examined. AIMS: To investigate the associations between these constructs and to explore the possible mediating role of loneliness in the relationship between EA and depressive symptoms in a representative sample of older Mexican people. METHODS: A representative community-dwelling survey of older adults aged 60 and older was conducted in two cities in Mexico (Mexico City and Xalapa) in 2018-2019. Measurements of EA, loneliness, depressive symptoms, health, and sociodemographic data were collected. Regression and mediation models were tested to analyze the associations between these variables. RESULTS: The prevalence of EA was 16.3%, loneliness was 50%, and depressive symptoms were 25.5%. The odds ratio (OR) for the occurrence of depressive symptoms was 2.7 when the combined effects of EA and loneliness were considered. The proportion of the effect that could explain the mediating role of loneliness was 31%. CONCLUSION: To effectively reduce depressive symptoms in older individuals affected by emotional or psychological abuse and neglect, it is crucial to address both the mediating influence of loneliness and EA itself in therapeutic and preventive interventions.
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RESUMEN Objetivo. 1) Describir la carga de la enfermedad renal crónica en países de América Latina entre 1990 y 2019 y, 2) estimar la correlación entre los años de vida saludables perdidos (AVISA) con el índice sociodemográfico y el índice de acceso y calidad de salud. Métodos. Análisis secundario y ecológico, basado en el Estudio de la Carga Global de Enfermedades, Lesiones y Factores de Riesgo 2019. Se reportaron las tasas estandarizadas de mortalidad, años perdidos por muertes prematuras (APMP), años de vida ajustados por discapacidad (AVAD) y AVISA por enfermedad renal crónica para 1990, 2005 y 2019. La información se desagregó por países, sexo, grupos etarios y subcausas. Resultados. Entre 1990 y 2019, la carga de la enfermedad renal crónica aumentó considerablemente en los países de América Latina, convirtiéndose en una de las principales causas de mortalidad y de AVISA. La tasa estandarizada de AVISA por enfermedad renal crónica se debió, en gran medida, al peso de las muertes prematuras más que a la discapacidad. En 2019, Nicaragua, El Salvador, México y Guatemala se destacaron por tener las tasas estandarizadas de mortalidad por enfermedad renal crónica y de AVISA más elevadas, mientras que Uruguay presentó las más bajas. Conclusiones. La enfermedad renal crónica es una epidemia invisibilizada que representa una carga excesiva, en mortalidad y AVISA, para los países de América Latina. Es indispensable aunar esfuerzos regionales para enfrentar la enfermedad, además de impulsar acciones locales que atiendan las particularidades de cada país.
ABSTRACT Objective. 1) Describe the burden of chronic kidney disease in Latin American countries between 1990 and 2019; and 2) Estimate the correlation between disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and the Sociodemographic Index and the Healthcare Access and Quality Index. Methods. Secondary and ecological analysis, based on the 2019 Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries and Risk Factors Study. Standardized mortality rates, years of life lost to due to premature death (YLLs),years of healthy life lost due to disability (YLDs) and DALYs due to chronic kidney disease were reported for 1990, 2005, and 2019. Information was disaggregated by country, sex, age group, and sub-cause. Results. Between 1990 and 2019, the burden of chronic kidney disease increased considerably in Latin American countries, becoming one of the main causes of mortality and DALYs. The standardized rate of DALYs for chronic kidney disease was largely due to the weight of premature deaths rather than disability. In 2019, Nicaragua, El Salvador, Mexico, and Guatemala had the highest standardized mortality rates for chronic kidney disease and DALYs, while Uruguay had the lowest. Conclusions. Chronic kidney disease is an invisible epidemic that places an excessive burden in terms of mortality and DALYs on Latin American countries. It is essential to join forces to tackle the disease in the region, and promote local actions that address the particularities of each country.
RESUMO Objetivo. 1) Descrever a carga da doença renal crônica nos países da América Latina entre 1990 e 2019 e 2) estimar a correlação entre os anos de vida saudável perdidos (AVISA), o índice sociodemográfico e o índice de acesso e qualidade da saúde. Métodos. Análise secundária e ecológica, baseada no estudo Carga Global de Doenças, Lesões e Fatores de Risco 2019 (GBD). Foram informadas taxas de mortalidade padronizadas, anos de vida perdidos por morte prematura (AVP) por morte prematura, anos de vida ajustados por incapacidade (AVAI) e AVISA devido a doença renal crônica de 1990, 2005 e 2019. Os dados foram desagregados por país, sexo, faixas etárias e causas subjacentes. Resultados. Entre 1990 e 2019, a carga de doença renal crônica aumentou consideravelmente nos países da América Latina, tornando-se uma das principais causas de mortalidade e de AVISA. A taxa padronizada de AVISA devido à doença renal crônica foi influenciada em grande parte pelo peso das mortes prematuras, e não da incapacidade. Em 2019, Nicarágua, El Salvador, México e Guatemala se destacaram por terem as maiores taxas padronizadas de mortalidade por doença renal crônica e AVISA, ao passo que Uruguai teve as menores taxas. Conclusões. A doença renal crônica é uma epidemia invisível, que representa uma carga excessiva em termos de mortalidade e de AVISA para os países da América Latina. É essencial unir esforços na região para combater a doença, além de promover ações locais que atendam às particularidades de cada país.
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Resumen Objetivo: Identificar las barreras que existen para la atención de las conductas suicidas, desde la perspectiva de las/los profesionales de la salud mental del primer nivel de atención de la Ciudad de México. Metodología: Estudio cualitativo exploratorio, basado en 35 entrevistas semiestructuradas, dirigidas a personal de salud de dos unidades de salud mental de referencia nacional. El análisis de la información se hizo mediante el Framework Analysis. Resultados: Las/los participantes consideraron que las conductas suicidas no han sido definidas como una prioridad dentro de los trastornos de salud mental. La ausencia de políticas públicas, la sobrecarga de trabajo, la falta de seguimiento a las/los pacientes, entre otras, fueron identificadas como barreras para una atención adecuada y oportuna. Conclusiones: Los programas de prevención de las conductas suicidas deben tomar en cuenta el contexto socioeconómico de la población y las características de los servicios de salud, así como las necesidades de las personas prestadoras de servicios de salud. Se requiere ampliar el entrenamiento profesional y mejorar el sistema de referencia y contrarreferencia entre los distintos niveles de atención.
Abstract Objective: To identify the existing barriers to the care of suicidal behavior from the perspective of mental health professionals at the first level of care in Mexico City. Methodology: Qualitative exploratory study based on 35 semi-structured interviews conducted on health personnel from two national reference mental health facilities. The data were analyzed with Framework Analysis. Results: The participants considered that suicidal behavior has not been prioritized among mental health disorders. The absence of public policies, work overload, lack of patient follow-up, among others, were identified as barriers to adequate and timely care. Conclusions: Suicidal behavior prevention programs should consider the socioeconomic context of the population, the characteristics of health services, and the needs of health care providers. Professional training should be enhanced, and the referral and counter-referral system across levels of care should be improved.
Resumo Objetivo: Identificar as barreiras existentes para a atenção das condutas suicidas, desde a perspectiva dos profissionais de saúde mental de atenção básica da Cidade do México. Metodologia: Estudo qualitativo exploratório, baseado em 35 entrevistas semiestruturadas, dirigidas a profissionais de saúde de duas unidades de saúde mental de referência nacional. A análise da informação foi feita através do Framework Analysis. Resultados: Os participantes consideraram que as condutas suicidas não têm sido definidas como uma prioridade dentro dos transtornos de saúde mental. A ausência de políticas públicas, a sobrecarga de trabalho, a falta de seguimento aos pacientes, entre outras, foram identificadas como barreiras para uma atenção adequada e oportuna. Conclusões: Os programas de prevenção das condutas suicidas devem considerar o contexto socioeconômico da população e as características dos serviços de saúde, além das necessidades dos profissionais de saúde. É necessário ampliar o treinamento profissional e melhorar o sistema de referência e contrarreferência entre os diferentes níveis de atenção.
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Resumen Antecedentes: Las caídas tienen un origen multifactorial. Objetivo: Estimar el riesgo de caídas y su asociación con algunos factores intrínsecos y extrínsecos en adultos mayores. Métodos: Estudio de casos y controles que incluyó pacientes de ambos sexos con edades ≥ 60 años. Los casos fueron pacientes que ingresaron al servicio de urgencias de un hospital de segundo nivel, con diagnóstico de lesión o fractura secundaria a una caída; los controles fueron pacientes que acudieron a unidades de medicina familiar. El análisis estadístico que se realizó fue descriptivo, bivariante y multivariante. Se utilizó el programa SPSS versión 22.0. Resultados: Se incluyeron 342 pacientes (171 casos y 171 controles). La edad promedio fue 76.1 ± 8.8 años, el 66 % fueron mujeres y por autorreporte el 97.1 % tenían enfermedades crónicas. Se observaron diferencias en el índice de masa corporal, en la proporción de casos con deterioro cognitivo, uso de dispositivos para caminar y dependencia para realizar actividades básicas e instrumentales de la vida diaria. El análisis multivariante ajustado reveló asociación entre el evento caída con deterioro cognitivo y dependencia para realizar actividades instrumentales de la vida diaria. Conclusiones: El deterioro cognitivo y la dependencia para realizar actividades instrumentales de la vida diaria se asociaron al riesgo de caer.
Abstract Background: Falls have a multifactorial origin. Objective: To estimate the risk of falls and their association with some intrinsic and extrinsic factors in elderly. Methods: Case-control study that included individuals of both genders aged ≥ 60 years. Cases were patients who were admitted to the emergency department of a secondary care hospital diagnosed with injury or fracture secondary to a fall; the controls were patients who attended family medicine units. Descriptive, bivariate and multivariate statistical analysis was carried out. The SPSS program, version 22.0, was used. Results: Three-hundred and forty-two patients were included (171 cases and 171 controls). Mean age was 76.1 ± 8.8 years, 66 % were women and 97.1 % had self-reported chronic diseases. Differences were observed in body mass index, in the proportion of cases with cognitive impairment, use of walking devices and dependence to perform basic and instrumental activities of daily living. Adjusted multivariate analysis revealed an association between the fall event and cognitive impairment and dependence to perform instrumental activities of daily living. Conclusions: Cognitive impairment and dependence to perform instrumental activities of daily living were associated with the risk of falling.
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Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Anciano , Heridas y Lesiones/etiología , Accidentes por Caídas , Actividades Cotidianas , Disfunción Cognitiva/complicaciones , Andadores , Bastones , Índice de Masa Corporal , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Factores de Riesgo , Análisis de Varianza , Servicio de Urgencia en Hospital , Fracturas Óseas/etiología , Limitación de la Movilidad , Vida Independiente , MéxicoRESUMEN
ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: To examine the associations between sociodemographic, health and disability-related factors and the perception of environmental barriers outside the home environment by individuals with permanent disabilities in Mexico. METHODS: In this cross-sectional, population-based study, we used data from the 2010 National Survey of Perceptions of Disability in the Mexican Population of 2,041 participants older than 18 with permanent disability. The perceptions of barriers take into consideration the challenges of getting around and using transportation outside the home environment. The covariates consisted of sociodemographic, health-related and disability-related factors. Multivariate logistic regression was used. RESULTS: The perception of environmental barriers outside the home environment was associated with being a woman, living in an urban area, speaking an indigenous language, experiencing emotional symptoms, having walking/movement, visual or self-care disabilities, having severe/extreme disability, having disability caused by illness, using physical devices, and receiving assistance and care in the home environment. CONCLUSIONS: This information is valuable for the design of public policies and programs that promote the participation of individuals with permanent disabilities, a high-priority issue in low- and middle-income countries.
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Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Adolescente , Adulto , Adulto Joven , Personas con Discapacidad/estadística & datos numéricos , Limitación de la Movilidad , Apoyo Social , Factores Socioeconómicos , Transportes , Actividades Cotidianas , Características de la Residencia , Factores Sexuales , Estudios Transversales , México , Persona de Mediana EdadRESUMEN
Abstract: The objective of this study was to analyze the level and trend of avoidable deaths and non-avoidable deaths and their contribution to the change in life expectancy in Latin America by studying the situations in Argentina, Chile, Colombia and Mexico between the years 2000 and 2011, stratified by sex and 5-year age groups. The information source used in this study was the mortality vital statistics, and the population data were obtained from censuses or estimates. The proposal by Nolte & McKee (2012) was used to calculate the standardized mortality rates and the influence from avoidable and non-avoidable causes in the change in life expectancy between 0 and 74 years. In Argentina, Chile and Colombia, all the rates declined between the years 2000 and 2011, whereas in Mexico, the avoidable deaths and non-avoidable deaths rates increased slightly for men and decreased for women. In all the countries, the non-avoidable death rates were higher than the avoidable death rates, and the rates were higher for men. The largest contributions to changes in life expectancy were explained by the non-avoidable deaths for men in all countries and for women in Argentina; in contrast, in Chile, Colombia and Mexico, the gains in years of life expectancy for women were mainly a result of avoidable causes. The results suggest there have been reductions in mortality from these causes that have resulted in gains in years of life expectancy in the region. Despite these achievements, differences between countries, sex and age groups are still present, without any noticeable progress in the reduction of these inequalities until now.
Resumen: El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar el nivel y tendencia de las muertes evitables e no evitables, así como su contribución en el cambio de la esperanza de vida en Latinoamérica, mediante el estudio de situaciones en Argentina, Chile, Colombia y México entre los años 2000 y 2011, estratificado por sexo y grupos quinquenales de edad. La fuente de información usada en este estudio fueron las estadísticas vitales sobre mortalidad, y los datos sobre la población se obtuvieron mediante censos o estimaciones. La propuesta de Nolte & McKee (2012) se usó para calcular las tasas de mortalidad estandarizadas y la influencia de las causas evitables e no evitables en el cambio de la esperanza de vida entre 0 y 74 años. En Argentina, Chile y Colombia, todas las tasas disminuyeron entre los años 2000 y 2011, mientras que en México, las tasas de muertes evitables e no evitables aumentaron ligeramente para los hombres y decrecieron para las mujeres. En todos los países, las tasas de muertes no evitables eran superiores a las de muertes evitables, y las tasas eran más altas para los hombres. Las aportaciones mayores a los cambios en la esperanza de vida fueron explicadas por las muertes no evitables de hombres en todos los países y para las mujeres en Argentina; por el contrario, en Chile, Colombia y México, los avances en los años de esperanza de vida, en el caso de las mujeres, fueron principalmente como resultado de causas evitables. Los resultados sugieren que hubo descensos en la mortalidad por estas causas que resultaron en un incremento en los años de la esperanza de vida en la región. A pesar de estos logros, las diferencias entre países, sexo y grupos de edad están todavía presentes, sin ningún progreso notable en la reducción de estas inequidades.
Resumo: O estudo teve como objetivo analisar os níveis e a evolução das mortes evitáveis e não-evitáveis e sua contribuição às mudanças na expectativa de vida na América Latina, com foco nas realidades da Argentina, Chile, Colômbia e México entre 2000 e 2011 e estratificação por gênero e faixa etária. Como fontes de informação, o estudo usou os dados vitais sobre mortalidade e dados populacionais obtidos de censos ou através de estimativas. Foi utilizado o modelo proposto por Nolte & McKee (2012) para calcular as taxas de mortalidade padronizada e a influência das causas evitáveis e não-evitáveis na mudança na expectativa de vida entre 0 e 74 anos. Na Argentina, Chile e Colômbia, todas as taxas diminuíram entre 2000 e 2011, enquanto no México as mortes evitáveis e não-evitáveis aumentaram ligeiramente nos homens e diminuíram nas mulheres. Em todos os países, os índices de mortes não-evitáveis foram mais altos do que os de mortes evitáveis, e foram mais altos nos homens. As maiores contribuições às mudanças na expectativa de vida foram explicadas pelas mortes não-evitáveis de homens em todos os países e de mulheres na Argentina; enquanto isso, no Chile, Colômbia e México, os ganhos em anos de expectativa de vida para mulheres resultaram principalmente de causas evitáveis. Os resultados sugerem que houve redução na mortalidade por essas causas, graças aos ganhos nos anos de expectativa de vida na região. Apesar desses avanços, as diferenças entre países, sexos e grupos etários ainda existem, sem qualquer progresso perceptível até o momento na redução dessas desigualdades.
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Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Recién Nacido , Lactante , Preescolar , Niño , Adolescente , Adulto , Persona de Mediana Edad , Anciano , Adulto Joven , Esperanza de Vida/tendencias , Causas de Muerte/tendencias , Argentina , Factores de Tiempo , Chile , Factores Sexuales , Estudios Transversales , Factores de Edad , Distribución por Sexo , Colombia , Distribución por Edad , Mortalidad Prematura/tendencias , MéxicoRESUMEN
El objetivo de este trabajo es estimar el efecto de las muertes por atropellos y colisiones de tránsito en la esperanza de vida en Argentina, Chile, Colombia y México, entre 2000 y 2011. Se calcularon los años de esperanza de vida perdidos (AEVP) para los trienios 2000-2002 y 2009-2011. Los resultados indican que los decesos ocurridos por el tránsito representaron entre el 1% y el 4% del total para cada país. En el primer trienio, el mayor nivel de mortalidad ocurrió en Colombia (AEVP=0,96), mientras que el más bajo se registró en Argentina (AEVP=0,59). A excepción de este último país, hacia el segundo trienio, se redujo el impacto de estos fallecimientos sobre la esperanza de vida. El principal cambio tuvo lugar en Colombia que pasó a 0,72 AEVP. Se concluye que las muertes asociadas con el tránsito impactan de manera negativa en los sistemas de salud, las víctimas, el sector productivo y la sociedad en general. Desde esta perspectiva, la situación vial representa un problema de salud pública que requiere la intervención multisectorial en el diseño de políticas de alcance nacional y regional.
The aim of this study was to estimate the effect of run-over fatalities and traffic collisions in life expectancy in Argentina, Chile, Colombia and Mexico, between 2000 and 2011. Years of life expectancy lost (YLEL) were calculated for the periods 2000-2002 and 2009-2011. The results show that road traffic deaths made up between 1% and 4% of all deaths in each country. In the first period, the highest level of mortality occurred in Colombia (YLEL=0.96) and the lowest in Argentina (YLEL=0.59). In all the countries studied except Argentina, the impact of these deaths on life expectancy was reduced in the second period. The main change took place in Colombia, reaching 0.72 YLEL in the second period. It is concluded that traffic-related deaths have a negative impact on health systems, victims, the productive sector, and society in general. From this point of view, the issue of road transit must be considered a matter of public health, requiring multi-sector intervention in the design of national and regional policies.
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Adulto , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Virus de la Hepatitis B , Hepatitis B/epidemiología , Hepatitis B/transmisión , Incidencia , Epidemiología Molecular , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Países Bajos/epidemiología , Población RuralRESUMEN
OBJETIVO: Estimar los cambios en la esperanza de vida por muertes evitables y no evitables en México entre los trienios 1998-2000 y 2008-2010, por sexo y grupo de edad. MÉTODOS: Estudio de corte transversal y descriptivo. Se emplearon datos de defunciones registradas entre 0 y 74 años de edad y estimados de la población (mexicana y mundial) de los trienios 1998-2000 y 2008-2010 de fuentes oficiales. Se calcularon las tasas brutas y estandarizadas de mortalidad y los años de esperanza de vida perdidos en los períodos estudiados. Se estimó el efecto de las muertes evitables y no evitables sobre la esperanza de vida de 0 a 74 años, por el método de Arriaga, y la esperanza de vida temporaria por grupos de edad. RESULTADOS: Las tasas de mortalidad por causas evitables se incrementaron en 2,1%, mientras que las relacionadas con causas no evitables decrecieron en 2,3%, con diferencias por sexo. La esperanza de vida al nacer en el trienio 1998-2000 fue de 74,2 años y para el trienio 2008-2010, de 75,1 años. La esperanza de vida temporaria entre 0 y 74 años permaneció prácticamente igual, alrededor de 68,6 años. CONCLUSIONES: Es posible ganar años de esperanza de vida, principalmente por la reducción de muertes por causas evitables, mediante acciones de promoción de la salud y prevención de enfermedades. Se deben desarrollar estrategias e intervenciones poblacionales transversales, enfocadas en subgrupos específicos, bajo una perspectiva de género y generacional, ajustadas a las particularidades geográficas, socioeconómicas y culturales de la población objetivo.
OBJECTIVE: Estimate the changes in life expectancy related to avoidable and nonavoidable deaths in Mexico between the three-year periods from 1998-2000 and 2008-2010 by sex and age group. METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted. Data from official sources on deaths recorded from 0-74 years of age and population estimates (Mexican and worldwide) for the three-year periods from 1998-2000 and 2008-2010 was used. The crude and standardized death rates and years of life expectancy lost in the periods studied were calculated. Estimates were made of the effect of avoidable and non-avoidable deaths on life expectancy from 0-74 years of age, using the Arriaga method, and temporary life expectancy by age group. RESULTS: Mortality due to avoidable causes increased by 2.1% whereas mortality related to non-avoidable causes decreased by 2.3%, with differences according to sex. Life expectancy at birth was 74.2 years in the three-year period from 1998-2000 and 75.1 years in the three-year period from 2008-2010. Temporary life expectancy from 0-74 years of age remained nearly the same at about 68.6 years. CONCLUSIONS: Years of life expectancy can be gained through actions that promote health and disease prevention, mainly by reducing deaths due to avoidable causes. Cross-sectional population-based interventions and strategies should be developed, focusing on specific subgroups, from a gender and generational perspective, and adjusted for the specific geographical, socioeconomic, and cultural features of the target population.
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Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Lactante , Preescolar , Niño , Adolescente , Adulto , Persona de Mediana Edad , Anciano , Adulto Joven , Esperanza de Vida , Distribución por Edad , Causas de Muerte , Estudios Transversales , México , Distribución por Sexo , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
El objetivo de este artículo es identificar los factores que explican el acceso a la detección del cáncer de mama en México en función de las características sociodemográficas de las mujeres, de acuerdo con tres encuestas representativas en el ámbito nacional. Se realizaron estadísticas descriptivas y se emplearon técnicas de análisis de clasificación múltiple. Las variables dependientes fueron que las mujeres se hubieran realizado: 1) la autoexploración, 2) el examen clínico de mamas, o 3) la mamografía; las covariables fueron: grupos de edad, escolaridad, tipo de localidad (urbana/rural), estado conyugal, número de hijos, derechohabiencia y estrato socioeconómico. Se encontró una cobertura de detección baja y se observaron brechas entre distintos grupos femeninos según las características sociodemográficas. Por lo general, las mujeres de estratos económicos más bajos, sin derechohabiencia y con menores niveles educativos, registraron prácticas de detección inferiores a la media nacional.
The aim of this article is to identify factors affecting access to breast cancer screening in Mexico according to the sociodemographic characteristics of the women, using three nationally-representative surveys. Descriptive statistics were performed and multiple classification analysis techniques were used. The dependent variables were that the women had realized: 1) breast self-examination, 2) clinical breast examination, or 3) mammography; the covariates were: age group, education level, type of locality (urban/rural), marital status, number of children, enrollment in social security and socioeconomic status. A low level of screening use was detected and gaps were observed between different groups of women according to sociodemographic characteristics. In general women of lower economic strata, without enrollment in social security and with lower educational levels, showed fewer detection practices than the national average.
Asunto(s)
Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Femenino , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Neoplasias de la Mama/diagnóstico , Autoexamen de Mamas , Detección Precoz del Cáncer , Accesibilidad a los Servicios de Salud , Disparidades en Atención de Salud , Mamografía , Encuestas de Atención de la Salud , México , Factores SocioeconómicosRESUMEN
OBJETIVO: Evaluar y analizar los sistemas de información en salud (sis) en la región mesoamericana. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se utilizó el marco conceptual y las herramientas de la Red de la Métrica en Salud (RMS) que evalúa seis componentes de los SIS: recursos, indicadores, fuentes de datos, administración de la información, productos y uso. RESULTADOS: La percepción sobre el desarrollo de los sis de la región mesoamericana se considera presente pero no adecuada (57%), con la mejor percepción para México (75%) y la menor para El Salvador (41%). El componente del SIS menos desarrollado, es decir, el no adecuado, fue el de administración de la información (37%). Por el contrario, el componente con mejor calificación fue el de indicadores (poco más de 69%, adecuado). En ninguno de los casos los componentes lograron ser muy adecuados. CONCLUSIÃN: El nivel de desarrollo de los sis es heterogéneo entre los países. Es necesario generar mecanismos de cooperación para el intercambio de experiencias exitosas que fomenten una colaboración horizontal y permitan mejorar los sis actuales para dar sustento a la toma de decisiones y a la evaluación de intervenciones en salud, como los de la iniciativa mesoamericana de la salud.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate and analyze health information systems (his) in the Mesoamerican Region. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The conceptual framework and tools of the Health Metrics Network (nhm) was used. It measures six components of the his assessment: resources, indicators, data sources, information management, products and use. RESULTS: In this study we found that the average score of the HIS in the Mesoamerican region was 57%, being the maximum value for Mexico (75%) and the minimum for El Salvador (41%). The item that had lowest scores was that referring to the Management and Administration, where the average assessment was 37%, placing it as present but not adequate. The component with the highest score was Information Products with more than 69%, adequate. In any case, no items were very adequate. CONCLUSION: The performance of his is heterogeneous between countries. It is necessary to strengthen and standardize the criteria of the his in the region, so that these are integrated and used in the decision making process based on real information.
Asunto(s)
Servicios de Información/organización & administración , Sistemas de Información/organización & administración , América Central , Difusión de la Información , Gestión de la Información , Servicios de Información/economía , Servicios de Información/provisión & distribución , Sistemas de Información/economía , Informática Médica , México , Modelos Teóricos , Indicadores de Calidad de la Atención de Salud , Proyectos de InvestigaciónRESUMEN
Se calcularon los años de vida perdidos (AVP) por cáncer de mama (CaMa) y cáncer cérvico-uterino (CaCu) para Colombia en 1997 y 2007, por estrato socioeconómico. Se incluyeron las defunciones femeninas por CaMa y CaCu. Se utilizó el índice de necesidades básicas insatisfechas a nivel departamental y las tablas de mortalidad del Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística (DANE). En 2007 se perdieron 48.098 años de vida por CaMa y CaCu, 56,6% por la primera causa. Se observó una leve disminución de los AVP por CaCu (0,9%) y un aumento de éstos por CaMa (49,8%). Las mujeres de estratos medios y altos fueron las que más incrementaron los AVP por CaMa y las más pobres por CaCu. Es necesario reforzar las medidas tendientes a disminuir y mitigar las brechas en la mortalidad por estos dos cánceres, así como considerar las diferencias socioeconómicas en la formulación de políticas públicas en la materia...
The years of life lost (YLL) due to breast cancer (BC) and cervical cancer (CC) for Colombia were calculated for the years 1997 and 2007, according to the socioeconomic strata. Female deaths were included for BC and CC. The unsatisfied basic needs index was employed at departmental level and mortality tables from Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística (DANE). In 2007, there were 48.098 years of life lost (YLL) due to BC and CC, 56,6% due to the first cause. A slight decrease was observed in the YLL due to CC (0,9%) and an increase due to BC (49,8%). Women from the middle and upper strata had the biggest increase of YLL due to BC, while those from the poorest strata did due to CC. Its necessary to reinforce the current measures aimed at decreasing and easing the gaps in mortality due to both cancers, as its also important to consider socioeconomic differences in the formulation of public policies around the subject...
Calcularam-se os anos de vida perdidos (AVP) pelo câncer de mama (CaMa) e câncer de colo de útero (CaCu) para a Colômbia em 1997 e 2007, por estrato socioeconômico. Incluíram-se os óbitos femininos por CaMa e CaCu. O Índice de Necessidades Básicas Insatisfeitas no nível departamental e as tabelas de mortalidade do Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estatística (DANE) foram utilizados. Em 2007, foram perdidos 48.098 anos de vida por CaMa e CaCu, sendo 56,6% pela primeira causa. Observou-se leve diminuição dos AVP por CaCu (0,9%) e aumento de estes por CaMa ( 49,8%). Mulheres das camadas media e alta foram as que mais incrementaram os AVP por CaMa e as mais pobres por CaCu. É necessário reforçar as medidas dirigidas a diminuir e mitigar as brechas na mortalidade por estes dois cânceres, bem como considerar as diferenças socioeconômicas na formulação das políticas públicas na matéria...