Comprehensive review on single-cell RNA sequencing: A new frontier in Alzheimer's disease research.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multifaceted neurodegenerative condition marked by gradual cognitive deterioration and the loss of neurons. While conventional bulk RNA sequencing techniques have shed light on AD pathology, they frequently obscure the cellular diversity within brain tissues. The advent of single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) has transformed our capability to analyze the cellular composition of AD, allowing for the detection of unique cell populations, rare cell types, and gene expression alterations at an individual cell level. This review examines the use of scRNA-seq in AD research, focusing on its contributions to understanding cellular diversity, disease progression, and potential therapeutic targets. We discuss key technological innovations, data analysis techniques, and challenges associated with scRNA-seq in studying AD. Furthermore, we highlight recent studies that have utilized scRNA-seq to identify novel biomarkers, uncover disease-associated pathways, and elucidate the role of non-neuronal cells, such as microglia and astrocytes, in AD pathogenesis. By providing a comprehensive overview of advancements in scRNA-seq for unraveling cellular heterogeneity in AD, this review highlights the transformative impact of scRNA-seq on our comprehension of disease mechanisms and the creation of targeted treatments.

Proteomics profiling of extracellular vesicle for identification of potential biomarkers in Alzheimer's disease: A comprehensive review.

The intricate origins and diverse symptoms of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pose significant challenges for both diagnosis and treatment. Exosomes and microvesicles, which carry disease-specific cargo from a variety of central nervous system cell types, have emerged as promising reservoirs of biomarkers for AD. Research on the screening of possible biomarkers in Alzheimer's disease using proteomic profiling of EVs is systematically reviewed in this comprehensive review. We highlight key methodologies employed in EV isolation, characterization, and proteomic analysis, elucidating their advantages and limitations. Furthermore, we summarize the evolving landscape of EV-associated biomarkers implicated in AD pathogenesis, including proteins involved in amyloid-beta metabolism, tau phosphorylation, neuroinflammation, synaptic dysfunction, and neuronal injury. The literature review highlights the necessity for robust validation strategies and standardized protocols to effectively transition EV-based biomarkers into clinical use. In the concluding section, this review delves into potential future avenues and technological advancements pivotal in crafting EV-derived biomarkers applicable to AD diagnostics and prognostics. This review contributes to our comprehension of AD pathology and the advancement of precision medicine in neurodegenerative diseases, hinting at a promising era in AD precision medicine.

Environmentally benign silver bio-nanomaterials as potent antioxidant, antibacterial, and antidiabetic agents: Green synthesis using Salacia oblonga root extract.

Introduction: The use of plant extracts in the green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles is one of the simplest, most practical, economical, and ecologically friendly methods for avoiding the use of toxic chemicals. Method: Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized, employing a high-efficiency, non- toxic, cost-effective, green, and simple technique that included the use of Salacia oblonga root extract (SOR) as a capping agent compared to synthetic nanoparticles. The use of S. oblonga can be seen in traditional medicines for treating diabetes, obesity, rheumatism, gonorrhea, asthma, and hyperglycemia. The objectives of the current study were to green synthesize S. oblonga root extract silver nanoparticles (SOR-AgNPs), characterize them, and study their antioxidant, antibacterial, and antidiabetic activities. Result: The shape of SOR-AgNPs was spherical, at less than 99.8 nm in size, and exhibited a crystalline peak at XRD. The green synthesized SOR-AgNPs showed significant antioxidant properties like DPPH (80.64 µg/mL), reducing power capacity (81.09 ± SEM µg/mL), nitric oxide (96.58 µg/mL), and hydroxyl (58.38 µg/mL) radical scavenging activities. The MIC of SOR-AgNPs was lower in gram-positive bacteria. The SOR-AgNPs have displayed efficient inhibitory activity against α-amylase, with an EC50 of 58.38 µg/mL. Analysis of capping protein around the SOR-AgNPs showed a molecular weight of 30 kDa. Discussion: These SOR-AgNPs could be used as antibacterial and antidiabetic drugs in the future as it is cheap, non-toxic, and environmentally friendly. Bio-fabricated AgNPs had a significant impact on bacterial strains and could be used as a starting point for future antibacterial drug development.