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Background and Objectives: Patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) are prone to symptomatic neurologic complications. Previous studies reported accrual of neural injury starting at early age, even without having symptomatic neurologic events. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and risk factors of abnormal neurologic findings in patients with SCD with no history of major symptomatic neurologic events. Methods: Our study extracted patients diagnosed with SCD from the Cooperative Study of Sickle Cell Disease. Patients who underwent a neurologic evaluation were included in our analysis. Patients with previous documented major symptomatic neurologic events were excluded. We compared patients with SCD with abnormal neurologic findings with those without in terms of clinical and laboratory parameters using multivariate binary logistic regression. Results: A total of 3,573 patients with SCD were included (median age = 11 [IQR = 19] years, male = 1719 [48.1%]). 519 (14.5%) patients had at least one abnormal neurologic finding. The most common findings in descending order were abnormal reflexes, gait abnormalities, cerebellar dysfunction, language deficits, nystagmus, abnormal muscle tone and strength, Romberg sign, Horner syndrome, and intellectual impairment. History of eye disease (odds ratio [OR] = 2.76, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.63-4.68) and history of osteomyelitis (OR = 2.55, 95% CI 1.34-4.84) were the strongest predictors of abnormal neurologic findings, followed by smoking (OR = 1.59, 95% CI 1.08-2.33), aseptic necrosis (OR = 1.57, 95% CI 1.06-2.33), hand-foot syndrome (OR = 1.48, 95% CI 1.04-2.12), and male sex (OR = 1.42, 95% CI 1.01-2.02). Discussion: Neurologic deficits are relatively common in patients with SCD, even without documented major neurologic insults. They range from peripheral and ophthalmic deficits to central and cognitive disabilities. Patients with SCD should have early regular neurologic evaluations and risk factor modification, particularly actively promoting smoking cessation.
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OBJECTIVES: To measure central macular thickness in Jordanian patients with sickle cell disease who did not have retinopathy and compare the findings with age- and sex-matched controls using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SDOCT). METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, participants underwent visual acuity testing, slit-lamp bio-microscopy, dilated ophthalmoscopy, and SDOCT imaging to measure central macular thickness. Macular quadrant measurements and thickness difference indexes (TDIs) were compared between groups. RESULTS: Twenty eyes with sickle cell disease and 20 control eyes were enrolled. The median visual acuity in both groups was 20/20. The mean macular thickness was significantly lower in eyes with sickle cell disease than in matched controls (mean difference, 22.15 ± 6.44 µm). Peripheral quadrants were all significantly thinner in eyes with sickle cell disease, especially in superior and temporal quadrants. TDIs were lower in eyes with sickle cell disease than in control eyes. CONCLUSIONS: Eyes with sickle cell disease that had no clinical evidence of retinopathy exhibited significantly lower central macular thickness in all quadrants, compared with eyes in age- and sex-matched controls. SDOCT is a non-invasive imaging modality that can detect preclinical changes in eyes with sickle cell disease and can be used to screen and monitor the disease process.