MRP4 over-expression has a role on both reducing nitric oxide-dependent antiplatelet effect and enhancing ADP induced platelet activation.

The impact of inhibition of multidrug resistance protein 4 (MRP4) on nitric oxide (NO) resistance and on ADP-induced platelet aggregation is unknown. The aim of this investigation was to verify whether platelet NO resistance correlates with MRP4 expression and evaluate whether this can be reduced by in vitro MRP4 inhibition mediated by cilostazol. Moreover, we assessed if inhibition of MRP4-mediated transport reduces ADP-induced platelet reactivity. The inhibitory effect of sodium nitroprusside (SNP), a NO-donor that enhances cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) cytosolic concentration, was assessed in platelets obtained from aspirin treated patients and in a control population. The inhibitory effect of SNP was evaluated by ADP-induced aggregation in SNP-treated platelets. The impact of MRP4 on ADP-induced platelet aggregation was performed in high on aspirin residual platelet reactivity (HARPR) patients and compared to healthy volunteers (HV), and a control cohort (CTR). In aspirin-treated patients with high levels of MRP4, reduced SNP inhibition was found compared to those with low levels of MRP4. MRP4 inhibition by cilostazol significantly reduced ADP-induced platelet aggregation in HARPR population, and to a lesser extent in HV and CTR populations. In conclusion, cilostazol can mitigate the hyper-reactive platelet phenotype of HARPR patients by reducing residual ADP-induced platelet aggregation and increasing NO-dependent endothelial antiplatelet effects.

Aspirin-Dependent Effects on Purinergic P2Y1 Receptor Expression.

Chronic treatment with aspirin in healthy volunteers (HVs) is associated with recovery of adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-induced platelet activation. The purinergic P2Y1 receptor exerts its effects via a Gq-protein, which is the same biochemical pathway activated by thromboxane-A2 receptor. We hypothesized that recovery of ADP-induced platelet activation could be attributed to increased P2Y1 expression induced by chronic aspirin exposure. We performed a multi-phase investigation which embraced both in vitro and in vivo experiments conducted in (1) human megakaryoblastic DAMI cells, (2) human megakaryocytic progenitor cell cultures, (3) platelets obtained from HVs treated with aspirin and (4) platelets obtained from aspirin-treated patients. DAMI cells treated with aspirin or WY14643 (PPARα agonist) had a significant up-regulation of P2Y1 mRNA, which was shown to be a PPARα-dependent process. In human megakaryocytic progenitors, in the presence of aspirin or WY14643, P2Y1 mRNA expression was higher than in mock culture. P2Y1 expression increased in platelets obtained from HVs treated with aspirin for 8 weeks. Platelets obtained from patients who were on aspirin for more than 2 months had increased P2Y1 expression and ADP-induced aggregation compared with patients on aspirin treatment for less than a month. Overall, our results suggest that aspirin induces genomic changes in megakaryocytes leading to P2Y1 up-regulation and that PPARα is the nuclear receptor involved in this regulation. Since P2Y1 is coupled to the same Gq-protein of thromboxane-A2 receptor, platelet adaptation in response to pharmacological inhibition seems not to be receptor specific, but may involve other receptors with the same biochemical pathway.

Impact of Multidrug Resistance Protein-4 Inhibitors on Modulating Platelet Function and High on-Aspirin Treatment Platelet Reactivity.

Platelet multidrug resistance protein 4 (MRP4) plays a modulating role on platelet activation. Platelet function and thrombus formation are impaired in MRP4 knockout mice models, and, among aspirin-treated patients, high on-aspirin residual platelet reactivity (HARPR) positively correlates with MRP4 levels. To better understand the effects of MRP4 on platelet function, the aim of this investigation was to assess the impact of cilostazol-induced inhibition of MRP4-mediated transport and assess aspirin-induced antiplatelet effects and rates of HARPR in human subjects.Cilostazol-dependent inhibition of MRP4-mediated transport was assessed with the release of the fluorescent adduct bimane-glutathione and aspirin entrapment. Effect of Cilostazol on cAMP inhibition was evaluated by vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP). Platelet function was studied by collagen and TRAP-6-induced platelet aggregation and secretion.Cilostazol reduced the release of bimane-glutathione and enhanced aspirin entrapment demonstrating an inhibitory effect on MRP4 in platelets. VASP phosphorylation was absent until 10 seconds after addition of cilostazol, and becomes evident after 30 seconds. An inhibitory effect on platelet aggregation and secretion was found in activated platelets, with threshold concentration of agonists, 10 seconds after addition of cilostazol, supporting a role of MRP4 on platelet function that is cAMP independent. Cilostazol effects were also shown in aspirin-treated platelets. A reduction of platelet aggregation and secretion were observed in aspirin-treated patients with HARPR.This study supports the role of MRP4 on modulating platelet function which occurs through cAMP-independent mechanisms. Moreover, inhibition of MRP4 induced by cilostazol enhances aspirin-induced antiplatelet effects and reduces HARPR.

MiR-21 role in aspirin-dependent PPARα and multidrug resistance protein 4 upregulation.

BACKGROUND: A mechanism involved in high on-aspirin treatment residual platelet reactivity is platelet multidrug resistance protein 4 (MRP4) overexpression. Aspirin enhances platelet MRP4 expression with a PPARα-dependent mechanism and reduces miR-21 expression that, in turn, downregulates PPARα expression. OBJECTIVE: The aim of our study was to verify the relationship between miR-21 and MRP4-PPARα levels induced by aspirin treatment. METHODS: We evaluated the changes in MRP4-PPARα, mRNA, MRP4 protein, and miR-21 expression induced by aspirin in: (i) in vitro-treated megakaryoblastic cell line (DAMI), (ii) primary megakaryocytes cultures and derived platelets, (iii) healthy volunteers' platelets treated with aspirin, and (iv) aspirinated patients (aspirin-treated patients) and in a control population (control). RESULTS: We observed an aspirin-induced reverse relationship between the expression of miR-21 and PPARα-MRP4. In DAMI cells the miR-21 mimic transfection reduces PPARα and MRP4 expression, even if cells were treated with aspirin after transfection. MiR-21 inhibitor transfection induces PPARα and MRP4 expression that are not enhanced by aspirin treatment. In human megakaryocytes, aspirin treatment lead to a miR-21 downregulation and a MRP4 upregulation and this trend is confirmed in derived platelets. In aspirin-treated volunteers, an inverse relationship between miR-21 and MRP4 platelet expression was found after aspirin treatment. A similar negative relationship was found in aspirin-treated patients vs the control population. CONCLUSION: The results reported in this study provide information that aspirin induces the modulation of platelet miR-21 expression levels and this modulation can be responsible for MRP4 enhancement in circulating platelets.

Air pollution, weather variations and primary spontaneous pneumothorax.

BACKGROUND: Spontaneous pneumothoraces (SP) tend to occur in clusters which have been related to atmospheric pressure variations and thunderstorm insurgence. We examined the influence of standard meteorological parameter variations and concentrations of the major air pollutants on incidence of spontaneous pneumothorax (SP) in a highly developed industrial area (Turin, Italy). METHODS: From October 2002 to December 2007, 591 SP patients were prospectively evaluated. For each day, standard weather parameters and concentration of air pollutants were recorded. RESULTS: The total number of admissions for SP was 591. The number of days with admissions was 363, which represents the 19% of the total number of days in the study period (1918). Eighty-one percent of days with SP admissions were clusterized. Results of statistical analysis showed that the sequence of SP events was not random. There was relationship between SP and daily wind speed (WS) minimum, daily standard deviation of NO(2), NO(2), CO(2) daily maximum and minimum, O3 daily minimum, daily mean CO(2) (p = 0.01), daily NO(2) minimum (p = 0.001). Multiple regression analysis has shown relationship between number of SP admissions and increase of daily mean and minimum NO(2) (p = 0.001), decrease of NO(2) standard deviation (p = 0.01), decrease of daily mean and minimum O(3) (p = 0.01), and of maximum of NO (p = 0.001), increase of daily O(3) standard deviation (p = 0.05). Daily decrement of standard deviation of temperature (p = 0.01) and increment ofWS anomalies and minima (p = 0.01) were also significant. CONCLUSIONS: Meteorological parameters and atmospheric pollutants might explain cluster hospitalization.