Achievement of Target Gain Larger than Unity in an Inertial Fusion Experiment.

On December 5, 2022, an indirect drive fusion implosion on the National Ignition Facility (NIF) achieved a target gain G_{target} of 1.5. This is the first laboratory demonstration of exceeding "scientific breakeven" (or G_{target}>1) where 2.05 MJ of 351 nm laser light produced 3.1 MJ of total fusion yield, a result which significantly exceeds the Lawson criterion for fusion ignition as reported in a previous NIF implosion [H. Abu-Shawareb et al. (Indirect Drive ICF Collaboration), Phys. Rev. Lett. 129, 075001 (2022)PRLTAO0031-900710.1103/PhysRevLett.129.075001]. This achievement is the culmination of more than five decades of research and gives proof that laboratory fusion, based on fundamental physics principles, is possible. This Letter reports on the target, laser, design, and experimental advancements that led to this result.

Proof-of-Principle Experiment on the Dynamic Shell Formation for Inertial Confinement Fusion.

In the dynamic-shell (DS) concept [V. N. Goncharov et al., Novel Hot-Spot Ignition Designs for Inertial Confinement Fusion with Liquid-Deuterium-Tritium Spheres, Phys. Rev. Lett. 125, 065001 (2020).PRLTAO0031-900710.1103/PhysRevLett.125.065001] for laser-driven inertial confinement fusion the deuterium-tritium fuel is initially in the form of a homogeneous liquid inside a wetted-foam spherical shell. This fuel is ignited using a conventional implosion, which is preceded by a initial compression of the fuel followed by its expansion and dynamic formation of a high-density fuel shell with a low-density interior. This Letter reports on a scaled-down, proof-of-principle experiment on the OMEGA laser demonstrating, for the first time, the feasibility of DS formation. A shell is formed by convergent shocks launched by laser pulses at the edge of a plasma sphere, with the plasma itself formed as a result of laser-driven compression and relaxation of a surrogate plastic-foam ball target. Three x-ray diagnostics, namely, 1D spatially resolved self-emission streaked imaging, 2D self-emission framed imaging, and backlighting radiography, have shown good agreement with the predicted evolution of the DS and its stability to low Legendre mode perturbations introduced by laser irradiation and target asymmetries.

Lawson Criterion for Ignition Exceeded in an Inertial Fusion Experiment.

For more than half a century, researchers around the world have been engaged in attempts to achieve fusion ignition as a proof of principle of various fusion concepts. Following the Lawson criterion, an ignited plasma is one where the fusion heating power is high enough to overcome all the physical processes that cool the fusion plasma, creating a positive thermodynamic feedback loop with rapidly increasing temperature. In inertially confined fusion, ignition is a state where the fusion plasma can begin "burn propagation" into surrounding cold fuel, enabling the possibility of high energy gain. While "scientific breakeven" (i.e., unity target gain) has not yet been achieved (here target gain is 0.72, 1.37 MJ of fusion for 1.92 MJ of laser energy), this Letter reports the first controlled fusion experiment, using laser indirect drive, on the National Ignition Facility to produce capsule gain (here 5.8) and reach ignition by nine different formulations of the Lawson criterion.

Ectopsocidae (Psocodea: 'Psocoptera') from Valle del Cauca and NNP Gorgona, Colombia.

The results of a survey of the psocid family Ectopsocidae in Valle del Cauca and NNP Gorgona, are here presented. Fifteen species were identified, in the genera Ectopsocus (14 species), and Ectopsocopsis (one species); four of the Ectopsocus species are new to science and are here described and illustrated. The male of E. thorntoni García Aldrete is here described. Records of Ectopsocopsis cryptomeriae (Enderlein), Ectopsocus briggsi McLachlan, E. californicus Banks, E. columbianus Badonnel, E. maindroni Badonnel, E. meridionalis Ribaga, E. pilosus Badonnel, E. richardsi Pearman, E. titschacki Jentsch, and E. vilhenai Badonnel, are provided. Ten species were found only in Valle del Cauca, two species were found only in the NNP Gorgona, and three species were found at both sites. The specimens studied are deposited in the Entomological Museum, Universidad del Valle, Santiago de Cali, Colombia (MUSENUV).

Physical activity-related individual differences in functional human connectome are linked to fluid intelligence in older adults.

The study examined resting state functional connectivity (rs-FC) associated with moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MV-PA), sedentary time (ST), TV viewing, computer use, and their relationship to cognitive performance in older adults. We used pre-intervention data from 119 participants from the Fit & Active Seniors trial. Multivariate pattern analysis revealed two seeds associated with MV-PA: right superior frontal gyrus (SFG; spanning frontoparietal [FPN] and ventral attention networks [VAN]) and right precentral (PrG) and postcentral gyri (PoG) of the somatosensory network (SN). A positive correlation between the right SFG seed and a cluster spanning default mode (DMN), dorsal attention (DAN), FPN, and visual networks (VIS) was linked to higher fluid intelligence, as was FC between the right PrG/PoG seed and a cluster in VIS. No significant rs-FC patterns associated with ST, TV viewing, or computer use were found. Our findings suggest that greater functional integration within networks implementing top-down control and within those supporting visuospatial abilities, paired with segregation between networks critical and those not critical to top-down control, may help promote cognitive reserve in more physically active seniors.

Two new species of Lachesilla in the andra group, from the Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, Brazil (Psocodea: 'Psocoptera': Lachesillidae).

Two new species of Lachesilla in the andra group are described from Brazil, where the group was previously unknown. They raise to five the number of species in the group known in South America. An identification key for females of the andra group in South America is included.

New genera of Lachesillidae (Psocodea: 'Psocoptera': Eolachesillinae: Graphocaeciliini) from Valle del Cauca, Colombia.

Two new related Colombian genera of Lachesillidae, including three new species, from the Department of Valle del Cauca, are here described and illustrated. They belong in the tribe Graphocaeciliini (Eolachesillinae). The new genera differ from the other genera in the tribe lacking ocelli, by characters of the male clunium, phallosome, endophallus, paraprocts, and female subgenital plate, gonapophyses and IX sternum. The types are deposited in the Entomological Museum of the Universidad del Valle (MUSENUV), in Santiago de Cali, Colombia.

New species of Euplocania Enderlein (Psocodea: 'Psocoptera': Psocomorpha) from Colombia and Ecuador.

Four species of Euplocania from Colombia (Euplocania huitota n. sp., E. kakwa n. sp., E. nukak n. sp. and E. ticuna n. sp.) and four species from Ecuador (E. napensis n. sp., E. shuar n. sp., E. teslai n. sp. and E. waorani n. sp.), in four species groups, are described and illustrated. The new species group ticuna, from Colombia and waorani, from Ecuador are diagnosed. The number of species in Euplocania is raised to 61, in 17 species groups. A key to the males of the known species of Euplocania is presented.

The genus Ptiloneura (Psocodea: Ptiloneuridae) in Valle del Cauca, Colombia, altitudinal distribution, new records, and description of two species.

From recent collections of psocids in natural areas of Valle del Cauca, Colombia, new records and two new species of the genus Ptiloneura were found. The latter are described and illustrated: P. elduende n. sp., and P. pichindensis n. sp., that correspond to a subclade previously named as genus Loneuroides. A map with the geographical and altitudinal distribution of the species in the department of Valle del Cauca, and a key for the determination of the species (males) in this subclade are presented.

Intraspecific wing venation and phallosome taxonomy updates in species of Loneura Navs (Psocodea, Ptiloneuridae), with one new species from cave and key to Loneura species from Brazil.

cavernicola sp. nov. is here described and illustrated, based on male and female specimens collected in caves located in an ecotone region between the Brazilian Savannah (Cerrado biome) and the Atlantic Forest, in Minas Gerais state, southeastern Brazil. Illustrations are provided of 19 types of variation in the fore and hindwings veins of males and females. Illustrations are presented of the holotype of L. maracaensis Garca Aldrete, along with illustrations of 18 types of variation in the fore and hindwing veins of males and females. Additionally, a new methodology applied in some specimens of L. maracaensis to process the genital pieces allowed us to know the arrangement and delimitations of each of the sclerites and their possible position during copulation. We therefore propose a phallosome taxonomic update. In these everted male genitalia, the spermatic sac and attached glands were identified for the first time. An identification key is presented to the Brazilian species of Loneura, based on males.

New species of Triplocania Roesler (Psocodea: Psocoptera: Ptiloneuridae) from Colombia and Peru.

Based on a survey of species of the genus Triplocania (Psocodea: Psocoptera) in forests of natural areas of Colombia and Peru, 18 species (14 from Colombia and 4 from Peru) were found, 16 of which are new to science and two correspond to males of Colombian species originally described from females (T. matildae Gonzlez et al., 2017, and T. sarriae Gonzlez et al., 2017). The new species, here described and illustrated are: T. altamira n. sp., T. antioquensis n. sp., T. antisuyuensis n. sp., T. atratoensis n. sp., T. caguanensis n. sp., T. caquetensis n. sp., T. einsteini n. sp., T. fabridiazi n. sp., T. galileii n. sp., T. hawkingi n. sp., T. mancocapaci n. sp., T. molanoi n. sp., T. nerudai n. sp., T. roesleri n. sp., T. tahuantisuyuensis n. sp., and T. yupanquii n. sp. The number of species of Triplocania is now raised to 118. To date, the highest number of species are found in Colombia, Brazil and Peru, with 59, 34 and 9 species respectively. An updated identification key to the species of Triplocania (males) is included, as well as a classification of the species in the genus.

New Colombian Goja Navs (Psocodea: 'Psocoptera: Epipsocidae) with peculiar genitalia, and the first Goja with brachypterous male, from Oaxaca, Mexico.

Eight species of Goja are here described and illustrated, seven of them are from Colombia, they present peculiar phallosomes and constitute assemblages of three and four related species each, they are: G. andina n. sp., G. garridoi n. sp., G. meremberg n. sp., G. risaraldensis n. sp., G. tenerife n. sp., G. vallecaucana n. sp. and G. vavilovi n. sp. The other species, G. sierrajuarez n. sp., collected in the Sierra Jurez of Oaxaca, Mexico, is the first species of Goja, in which the male is brachypterous. A key to the identification of the males here treated is included, as well as a cladistic analysis of the species of Goja known to date.

Identification key, checklist and new species of Loneura Navs (Psocodea: 'Psocoptera: Ptiloneuridae) from Brazil.

Four Brazilian species of Loneura are described and assigned to infrageneric groups: L. digitiformis n. sp., L. manauara n. sp., and L. marinonii n. sp, to Loneura group I, and L. duckei n. sp. to Loneura group II. This genus now comprises 45 species, of which 8 (18%) are from Brazil. Of these species, 19 are known only from males, 4 known only from females, 21 are known from both sexes, with one species of unknown sex. The infrageneric classification is based on the number of hypandrium sclerites, either one or three, and is based on the 40 species for which males are known, with 20 species in Group I and 20 species in Group II. An identification key to species from Brazil based on male characters is provided, together with a checklist.

Checklist and identification key to Brazilian species of Triplocania Roesler (Psocodea: 'Psocoptera': Psocomorpha: Ptiloneuridae), with four new cave-dwelling species.

Four species of Triplocania are described and illustrated (T. brancoi n. sp., T. ferratilis n. sp., T. pains n. sp., and T. zairae n. sp.), all based on male specimens collected in caves of the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais. An identification key is presented to the Brazilian species of Triplocania, based on males, together with information on both sexes and distributions.

A new species of Loneura Navás and taxonomic update of L. boliviana Williner and L. meridionalis García Aldrete (Psocodea: Psocomorpha: Ptiloneuridae).

A new species of Loneura named as Loneura willineri n. sp. is described from Bolivia, and and variation in the venation of the fore and hindwings discussed. Both sexes of Loneura meridionalis García Aldrete are described, inclulding variation in the fore and hindwing venation, and this species is withdrawn from synonymy with Loneura boliviana, a species now considered a nomen dubium.

emTimnewia/em García Aldrete (Psocodea: 'Psocoptera': Ptiloneuridae): new species and variation in the wing venation of emT. jeaneae/em Silva-Neto, García Aldrete amp; Rafael.

A new species of Timnewia from the Brazilian state of Amazonas, is here described, illustrated and named as: Timnewia amazonense n. sp. This new species differs from T. greeni and T. jeaneae in details of the hypandrium and phallosome. New observations on variation in the forewing venation of T. jeaneae are also presented.

Late-onset and long-lasting immune-related adverse events from immune checkpoint-inhibitors: An overlooked aspect in immunotherapy.

BACKGROUND: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have revolutionised cancer therapy but frequently cause immune-related adverse events (irAEs). Description of late-onset and duration of irAEs in the literature is often incomplete. METHODS: To investigate reporting and incidence of late-onset and long-lasting irAEs, we reviewed all registration trials leading to ICI's approval by the US FDA and/or EMA up to December 2019. We analysed real-world data from all lung cancer (LC) and melanoma (Mel) patients treated with approved ICIs at the University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV) from 2011 to 2019. To account for the immortal time bias, we used a time-dependent analysis to assess the potential association between irAEs and overall survival (OS). RESULTS: Duration of irAEs and proportion of patients with ongoing toxicities at data cut-off were not specified in 56/62 (90%) publications of ICIs registration trials. In our real-world analysis, including 437 patients (217 LC, 220 Mel), 229 (52.4%) experienced at least one grade ≥2 toxicity, for a total of 318 reported irAEs, of which 112 (35.2%) were long-lasting (≥6 months) and about 40% were ongoing at a median follow-up of 369 days [194-695] or patient death. The cumulative probability of irAE onset from treatment initiation was 42.8%, 51.0% and 57.3% at 6, 12 and 24 months, respectively. The rate of ongoing toxicity from the time of first toxicity onset was 42.8%, 38.4% and 35.7% at 6, 12 and 24 months. Time-dependent analysis showed no significant association between the incidence of irAEs and OS in both cohorts (log Rank p = 0.67 and 0.19 for LC and Mel, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Late-onset and long-lasting irAEs are underreported but common events during ICIs therapy. Time-dependent survival analysis is advocated to assess their impact on OS. Real-world evidence is warranted to fully capture and characterise late-onset and long-lasting irAEs in order to implement appropriate strategies for patient surveillance and follow-up.

On the genera Ptiloneura Enderlein, Loneura Navás, and Loneuroides García Aldrete (Psocodea: 'Psocoptera': Ptiloneuridae).

The Psocodea genera Ptiloneura Enderlein and Loneura Navás are redefined. Some species of Loneura are transferred to Ptiloneura. Loneuroides García Aldrete is synonymized with Ptiloneura. Ptiloneura ceases to be monotypic, and extends its distribution to Brazil, Colombia, Nicaragua and Venezuela.

New Neotropical species of Lachesilla Westwood, in species group forcepeta (Psocodea: 'Psocoptera': Lachesillidae).

Eight species of Lachesilla, in species group forcepeta, are described and illustrated: three species from Costa Rica (Lachesilla herediana n. sp., Lachesilla raravis n. sp., and Lachesilla ticana n. sp.), one species from Costa Rica and Panama (Lachesilla odontiforceps n. sp.), one species each from Brazil (Lachesilla oriximinaensis n. sp.), Mexico (Lachesilla concaensis n. sp.) and Panama (Lachesilla albrookensis n. sp.), and one species from Guatemala, Mexico and Panama (Lachesilla tenuidenticulata n. sp.). The location of the types is indicated in each description.

Brasineura Silva-Neto amp; García Aldrete (Psocodea, 'Psocoptera', Ptiloneuridae): new species, new records and variation in the wing venations.

Two new species of Brasineura are described from Brazil based on male specimens: Brasineura calori sp. n. (Bahia: Brazil) and Brasineura morrense sp. n. (Bahia: Brazil). They differ from the other species in the genus, in which the males are known, by hypandrium and phallosome structures. New records and comments on variation in the fore- and hind- wing venation of B. troglophilica Silva-Neto García Aldrete and B. diamantina Silva-Neto García Aldrete are presented. The identification key to male Brasineura species is updated.