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The objective of this report was to provide an overview of the current landscape of big data analytics in the healthcare sector, introduce various approaches of machine learning and discuss potential implications in the field of orthodontics. With the increasing availability of data from various sources, the traditional analytical methods may not be conducive anymore for examining clinical outcomes. Machine-learning approaches, which are algorithms trained to identify patterns in large data sets, are ideally suited to facilitate data-driven decision making. The field of orthodontics is particularly ripe for embracing the big data analytics platform to improve decision making in clinical practice. The availability of omics data, state-of-the-art imaging and potential for establishing large clinical data repositories have favourably positioned the specialty of orthodontics to deliver personalized and precision orthodontic care. Specifically, we discuss about next-generation sequencing, radiomics in the context of CBCT imaging, and how centralized data repositories can enable real-time data pooling from multiple sources.
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Macrodatos , Ortodoncia , Algoritmos , Ciencia de los Datos , Aprendizaje AutomáticoRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: The aim of this in-vitro study was to evaluate the influence of cone-beam computed tomography scans on the diagnosis of chemically simulated external root resorption. METHODS: One hundred extracted anterior teeth were selected. Subsurface demineralization was induced on a limited area of the apical third of the root of 49 teeth. Each tooth was placed in an empty socket of a partially edentulous dry mandible. Cone-beam computed tomography images were obtained according to 3 protocols: (1) half scan, 0.40-mm voxel size; (2) full scan, 0.40-mm voxel size; and (3) full scan, 0.125-mm voxel size. Three observers evaluated the images. Sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and area under the curve were compared with the Cochran Q and Mann-Whitney U tests. RESULTS: Protocol 3 had the highest sensitivity (81.63%), accuracy (80.67%), and area under the curve (0.807). There were statistically significant differences between protocol 3 and the other 2 protocols (P <0.001). The specificity of protocol 1 (84.97%) was greater than that of protocols 2 (69.93%) and 3 (79.74%); however, a statistically significant difference was found only between protocols 1 and 2 (P = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: A more dedicated, high-resolution scan should be acquired when one intends to investigate the early stage of external root resorption during orthodontic treatment. However, this does not imply that all orthodontic patients should be subjected to high-dose cone-beam computed tomography scans.
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Tomografía Computarizada de Haz Cónico/métodos , Resorción Radicular/diagnóstico por imagen , Humanos , Técnicas In Vitro , Interpretación de Imagen Radiográfica Asistida por Computador , Resorción Radicular/diagnóstico , Sensibilidad y Especificidad , Propiedades de SuperficieRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Genetic studies of malocclusion etiology have identified 4 deleterious mutations in genes DUSP6,ARHGAP21, FGF23, and ADAMTS1 in familial Class III cases. Although these variants may have large impacts on Class III phenotypic expression, their low frequency (<1%) makes them unlikely to explain most malocclusions. Thus, much of the genetic variation underlying the dentofacial phenotypic variation associated with malocclusion remains unknown. In this study, we evaluated associations between common genetic variations in craniofacial candidate genes and 3-dimensional dentoalveolar phenotypes in patients with malocclusion. METHODS: Pretreatment dental casts or cone-beam computed tomographic images from 300 healthy subjects were digitized with 48 landmarks. The 3-dimensional coordinate data were submitted to a geometric morphometric approach along with principal component analysis to generate continuous phenotypes including symmetric and asymmetric components of dentoalveolar shape variation, fluctuating asymmetry, and size. The subjects were genotyped for 222 single-nucleotide polymorphisms in 82 genes/loci, and phenotpye-genotype associations were tested via multivariate linear regression. RESULTS: Principal component analysis of symmetric variation identified 4 components that explained 68% of the total variance and depicted anteroposterior, vertical, and transverse dentoalveolar discrepancies. Suggestive associations (P < 0.05) were identified with PITX2, SNAI3, 11q22.2-q22.3, 4p16.1, ISL1, and FGF8. Principal component analysis for asymmetric variations identified 4 components that explained 51% of the total variations and captured left-to-right discrepancies resulting in midline deviations, unilateral crossbites, and ectopic eruptions. Suggestive associations were found with TBX1AJUBA, SNAI3SATB2, TP63, and 1p22.1. Fluctuating asymmetry was associated with BMP3 and LATS1. Associations for SATB2 and BMP3 with asymmetric variations remained significant after the Bonferroni correction (P <0.00022). Suggestive associations were found for centroid size, a proxy for dentoalveolar size variation with 4p16.1 and SNAI1. CONCLUSIONS: Specific genetic pathways associated with 3-dimensional dentoalveolar phenotypic variation in malocclusions were identified.
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Maloclusión/genética , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Puntos Anatómicos de Referencia , Niño , Tomografía Computarizada de Haz Cónico , Femenino , Factor-23 de Crecimiento de Fibroblastos , Estudios de Asociación Genética , Genotipo , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Fenotipo , Análisis de Componente Principal , Reproducibilidad de los ResultadosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: This study was primarily aimed at determining the prevalence of the posterior superior alveolar (PSA) canal in cone beam computerized tomography (CBCT) scans in a North American population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cone beam computed tomography scans were selected on the basis of predetermined eligibility criteria from a pool of 976 data sets. Two calibrated examiners assessed the presence of PSA canal on the postero-lateral wall of the maxillary sinus using coronal sections. One examiner also recorded the presence of images compatible with sinus disease. Associations between the presence of PSA canal and sinus disease were investigated for males and females separately using statistical methods. RESULTS: A total of 254 CBCT scans were selected. The pooled prevalence of the PSA canal in CBCT scans was 94.4% and 91% on the right and left side, respectively. The ability to detect the presence of the canal was not significantly affected by the presence of intrasinusal disease. Males are more likely than females to present signs of maxillary sinus pathoses on the right (63.3% vs. 36.7%) and the left side (59.2% vs. 40.8%). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of the PSA canal on CBCT images in the selected population is high. The PSA canal can be consistently visualized on CBCT scans with a high level of reproducibility regardless of the presence of radiographic signs of intrasinusal pathoses.
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Proceso Alveolar/diagnóstico por imagen , Tomografía Computarizada de Haz Cónico , Seno Maxilar/diagnóstico por imagen , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Prevalencia , Reproducibilidad de los ResultadosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to examine the associations between country level factors (such as human development, economic productivity, and political stability) and their dental research productivity. METHODS: This study is a cross-sectional analysis of bibliometric data from Scopus search engine. Human Development Index (HDI), Gross National Income per capita (GNI), and Failed State Index measures were the independent variables. Outcomes were "Total number of publications (articles or articles in press) in the field of dentistry" and "Total number of publications in the field of dentistry per million population." Non-parametric tests were used to examine the association between the independent and outcome variables. RESULTS: During the year 2013, a total of 11,952 dental research articles were published across the world. The top 5 publishing countries were United States, Brazil, India, Japan, and United Kingdom. "Very High" HDI countries had significantly higher number of total dental research articles and dental research articles per million population when compared to the "High HDI," "Medium HDI," and "Low HDI" countries (p < 0.0001). There was a significant linear relationship between the GNI quartile income levels and outcome metrics (p ≤ 0.007). Countries which were highly politically stable were associated with significantly higher dental research productivity (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: There appears to be a regional concentration of articles with just five countries contributing to over 50% of all articles. The human development and economic development of a country are linearly correlated with dental research productivity. Dental research productivity also increases with increasing political stability of a country.
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Bibliometría , Investigación Dental/estadística & datos numéricos , Producto Interno Bruto/estadística & datos numéricos , Desarrollo Humano , Política , Brasil , Estudios Transversales , Desarrollo Económico , Humanos , Renta , India , Internacionalidad , Japón , Reino Unido , Estados UnidosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Clinical trials serve as the empirical basis for clinical decision making. The objective of the current study is to provide an overview of clinical trials examining dental implant outcomes. METHOD: All registered studies on Dental Implants were selected for analysis. The clinicaltrials.gov
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Ensayos Clínicos como Asunto/normas , Implantes Dentales , Sistema de Registros , Adulto , Factores de Edad , Anciano , Niño , Ensayos Clínicos como Asunto/clasificación , Método Doble Ciego , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , National Institutes of Health (U.S.) , Estudios Observacionales como Asunto , Selección de Paciente , Ensayos Clínicos Controlados Aleatorios como Asunto/normas , Proyectos de Investigación/normas , Apoyo a la Investigación como Asunto , Tamaño de la Muestra , Método Simple Ciego , Resultado del Tratamiento , Estados UnidosRESUMEN
PURPOSE: This study aimed to investigate the predictors of survival of non-occlusal non-incisal glass-ionomer restorations as a surrogate for root surface restorations among older adults. METHODS: In a retrospective cohort analysis using the University of Iowa College of Dentistry electronic dental records, we included 721 patients aged 65+ who received 2+ surface non-occlusal non-incisal glass ionomer restorations placed from January 2005 - December 2011. Restorations were followed until September 2017 or until they were deemed to have failed. RESULTS: At baseline, participants' mean age was 77.6 ± 8.2 years, and 45.8% were females. Most patients were self-pay (65.2%). Most restorations were placed by residents and dental students (82.7%) and included only two surfaces (95.6%). About half (49.1%) failed during follow-up, with a median survival time of 3.7 years. The time ratio for lower incisors compared to other teeth was 0.6 (p = .006), for three-and-four-surface restorations compared to two was 0.7 (p = .007), for faculty as providers compared to residents and students was 1.4 (p = .039), and for the Geriatric & Special Needs Clinic compared to others was 0.8 (p = .013). Time ratios less than one indicate association with shorter durations for restorations, and time ratios greater than one indicate association with longer durations for restorations. CONCLUSION: Tooth type, number of restored surfaces, provider type, and clinic were all significant factors associated with survival of these restorations.
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Fracaso de la Restauración Dental , Restauración Dental Permanente , Cementos de Ionómero Vítreo , Humanos , Femenino , Masculino , Anciano , Estudios Retrospectivos , Fracaso de la Restauración Dental/estadística & datos numéricos , IowaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: The face is a complex architectural structure in the body and is a high-risk site for fractures. Hospitalization is necessary for adequate treatment. The objective of this study is to examine hospitalization outcomes associated with reduction in facial fractures in the United States. METHODS: The Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) of the health care cost and utilization project for 2008 was used. This database provides weighted estimates of all hospitalizations in the United States, which approximates 39.88 million admissions in the entire United States. Hospital discharges with primary procedure ICD-9-CM codes for reduction in facial fractures were selected. Outcomes examined included hospitalization charges, length of stay, and causes of injuries. All estimates obtained from the sample were projected to national levels. RESULTS: Reduction in facial fractures was performed as primary procedure in 21,244 hospitalizations. The total hospitalization charges were about $1.06 billion, and total hospitalization days was 93,808. About 80% of all hospitalizations occurred among men. The frequently occurring external causes of injuries leading to hospitalization for reduction in facial fractures include assault (36.5% of all hospitalizations), motor vehicle traffic accidents (16%), falls (15%), and other transportation accidents (3.5%). The frequently performed procedures were open reduction in mandibular fractures (52.2%), open reduction in facial fractures including those of orbital rim or wall (14.7%), closed reduction in mandibular fractures (12.1%), and open reduction in malar and zygomatic fractures (11.8%). CONCLUSIONS: National hospitalization outcomes related to reduction in facial fractures indicate an extensive consumption of hospital resources. If hospital emergency room protocols and inpatient protocols relating to the most expensive fractures and longest hospital stays that we have identified can improve, this may lead to improved outcomes and a reduction in hospital charges for facial fractures.
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Traumatismos Faciales/economía , Hospitalización/economía , Tiempo de Internación/economía , Traumatismos Faciales/etiología , Traumatismos Faciales/cirugía , Femenino , Hospitalización/estadística & datos numéricos , Humanos , Clasificación Internacional de Enfermedades , Tiempo de Internación/estadística & datos numéricos , Masculino , Estudios Retrospectivos , Estados Unidos , United States Agency for Healthcare Research and QualityRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To provide nationally representative estimates of all hospital-based emergency department (ED) visits with dental caries, pulp and periapical lesions, gingival/periodontal lesions, and mouth cellulitis occurring among the older population groups (aged 60 years and above). METHODS: The 2008 Nationwide Emergency Department Sample of the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project was used. This database provides weighted estimates of all ED visits in the United States (approximately 150 million). Hospital discharges with primary procedure ICD-9-CM codes for dental conditions in adults aged 60 and older were evaluated. All estimates obtained from the sample were projected to national levels. RESULTS: A total of 50,881 ED visits had a dental condition including dental caries (33.6%), pulpal lesions (10.4%), periapical abscess (36%), gingival conditions (11%), and cellulitis (6.7%). Close to 72.7% were discharged routinely and 25.1% were admitted as inpatients into the same hospitals. About 63.4% of ED visits were covered by Medicare. Close to 40% of all ED visits occurred in the southern regions. The mean charge per ED visit was $1,114, and the total charges across the entire United States were $44.8 million. CONCLUSIONS: In comparison to other age groups, older adults are hospitalized more frequently after ED visits for dental conditions. As the U.S. population ages, innovative programs are necessary to manage dental conditions in dental offices and reduce the number of ED visits and hospitalizations for dental complaints by older adults.
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Servicio de Urgencia en Hospital/estadística & datos numéricos , Enfermedades Estomatognáticas/terapia , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana EdadRESUMEN
PURPOSE: The objective of this study is to provide nationally representative estimates of cleft palate correction and revision procedures performed in hospitalized patients, as well as to examine patient- and hospital-level factors associated with hospitalization charges. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The Nationwide Inpatient Sample for the year 2007 was used. All hospitalizations that had a cleft palate correction or revision of cleft palate repair were selected. Estimates of concomitant procedures performed during the index hospitalization were obtained. The roles of different patient- and hospital-level variables on hospitalization charges were examined by use of multivariable linear regression analysis. RESULTS: A total of 5,969 repairs and/or revisions of cleft palate procedures were performed in hospitals in the entire United States. The mean age per hospitalization was 3.2 years. Whites accounted for 51.3% of procedures, whereas blacks, Hispanics, Asian/Pacific Islanders, Native Americans, and other races accounted for 4.9%, 26.4%, 9.2%, 3.2%, and 5%, respectively. The mean charge per each hospitalization was $19,227, and the total hospitalization charge for the entire United States was $112.96 million. Patients aged less than 1 year (P = .02) and those aged between 8 and 12 years (P = .03) had significantly lower charges compared with those aged 18 years or older. Use of bone morphogenetic protein was associated with higher hospital charges (P = .0006). Compared with the uninsured, those covered by Medicaid (P = .04), private insurance plans (P = .02), and other insurance plans (P = .0005) were associated with higher charges. CONCLUSION: This study identified an association between hospital charges and insurance payer, race, treatments performed, and age. Our results provide insights into nationally representative estimates on management of cleft palate corrections and revisions.
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Fisura del Paladar/cirugía , Precios de Hospital , Hospitalización/economía , Adolescente , Negro o Afroamericano/estadística & datos numéricos , Factores de Edad , Asiático/estadística & datos numéricos , Proteínas Morfogenéticas Óseas/economía , Proteínas Morfogenéticas Óseas/uso terapéutico , Niño , Preescolar , Labio Leporino/economía , Labio Leporino/cirugía , Fisura del Paladar/economía , Costos de los Medicamentos/estadística & datos numéricos , Femenino , Hispánicos o Latinos/estadística & datos numéricos , Capacidad de Camas en Hospitales/estadística & datos numéricos , Precios de Hospital/estadística & datos numéricos , Hospitales de Enseñanza/estadística & datos numéricos , Hospitales Urbanos/estadística & datos numéricos , Humanos , Indígenas Norteamericanos/estadística & datos numéricos , Lactante , Seguro de Salud/economía , Seguro de Salud/estadística & datos numéricos , Tiempo de Internación/economía , Tiempo de Internación/estadística & datos numéricos , Masculino , Medicaid/economía , Medicaid/estadística & datos numéricos , Pacientes no Asegurados/estadística & datos numéricos , Reoperación/economía , Estudios Retrospectivos , Estados Unidos , Población Blanca/estadística & datos numéricosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: There is a paucity of published studies presenting nationally representative estimates on hospital-based emergency department visits primarily attributed to dental caries. The objective of this study is to provide estimates of hospital-based emergency department visits attributed to dental caries in the United States. METHODS: The Nationwide Emergency Department Sample, a component of the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project, sponsored by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, was used for this study. All emergency department visits attributable to dental caries were identified using ICD-9-CM diagnoses codes and selected for analysis. Outcomes including hospital charges and length of stay in hospital were examined. Simple descriptive statistics were used to summarize the data. RESULTS: This study found that in 2006, a total of 330,757 visits to hospital-based emergency departments occurred in the United States. The total charges were $110 million. Approximately 45% of all visits by adults occurred among the uninsured. Medicaid was the most common payer for all visits by children, accounting for nearly 53% of all visits. About 38% of visits occurred among those residing in low-income areas. Hospitalization was required for 158 visits. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides nationwide estimates of hospital-based emergency department visits attributed to dental caries in the United States. The uninsured constituted the greatest proportion of emergency department visits among adults, whereas Medicaid was the major payer for children visiting the emergency departments.
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Caries Dental/economía , Caries Dental/terapia , Servicio de Urgencia en Hospital/economía , Servicio de Urgencia en Hospital/estadística & datos numéricos , Adulto , Niño , Caries Dental/complicaciones , Femenino , Humanos , Modelos Lineales , Masculino , Medicaid , Pacientes no Asegurados , Estados Unidos/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to assess whether auto-calibrating medical-grade monitors perform better than off-the-shelf monitors and tablet computers in detecting artificial incipient and recurrent caries-like lesions. STUDY DESIGN: Sixty extracted teeth (30 premolars and 30 molars) were selected. All molars received class II amalgam and composite restorations. A 7-mm2 area on the crowns of half of the teeth was demineralized. Phantoms consisting of 4 teeth were created. Three observers using a 5-point scale evaluated digital periapical radiographs for the presence of caries on 5 displays: 2 autocalibrating medical-grade monitors, 2 tablets, and 1 off-the-shelf monitor. Sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and receiver operating curve data were calculated and verified through analysis of variance and Tukey tests. Observer agreements were assessed using Cohen's κ test. RESULTS: Intraobserver agreement ranged from 0.347 to 0.612 (molars) and 0.617 to 0.811 (premolars). Interobserver agreement ranged from 0.239 to 0.559 (molars) and 0.657 to 0.858 (premolars). The performances of tablets and the off-the-shelf monitor were similar to medical monitors when the same tooth groups were compared. Medical-grade monitors presented fewer statistically significant differences when different lesions where compared within the same display and restorative material. CONCLUSIONS: Evaluations of similar lesions were not significantly different among the 3 types of displays. However, the autocalibrating medical-grade monitors performed better when incipient and recurrent lesions were compared.
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Caries Dental/diagnóstico por imagen , Diagnóstico por Computador/instrumentación , Procesamiento de Imagen Asistido por Computador , Diente Premolar , Presentación de Datos , Restauración Dental Permanente , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Humanos , Técnicas In Vitro , Diente Molar , Valor Predictivo de las Pruebas , Recurrencia , Sensibilidad y EspecificidadRESUMEN
Discussions about which grading system (letter grade or pass/fail) is more effective in dental education have been occurring for several decades. As more institutions continue to consider the change from the traditional five-tier letter grading system (A/B/C/D/F) to a two-tier grading system (pass/fail), this debate will likely continue. This point/counterpoint article examines arguments for and against each type of grading system, taking into consideration academic performance, learning outcomes, psychological well-being, learning environment, acceptance/performance in postgraduate educational programs, and student motivation. Viewpoint 1 supports the position that a pass/fail system improves learning experiences for dental students, whereas Viewpoint 2 argues that the traditional letter grading system provides for more objectivity and reliability in student evaluation.
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Educación en Odontología/normas , Evaluación Educacional/métodos , Escolaridad , Ajuste Emocional , Humanos , Internado y Residencia/métodos , Internado y Residencia/normas , Motivación , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Estudiantes de Odontología/psicologíaRESUMEN
The Dental Residency Match (DRM) program provides an ethical and unbiased selection process for applicants to postdoctoral dental programs, based on mutual interests of applicants and programs. The aims of this study were to conduct a descriptive analysis of DRM metrics for the years 2008 to 2015 and to test the hypothesis that there was a difference in number of ranks submitted between programs that filled all their offered positions and those that did not. DRM metrics data from years 2008 to 2015 were obtained from the National Matching Service. Trend analyses and panel data assessments were made. Six types of postdoctoral dental programs (GPR, AEGD, oral and maxillofacial surgery, pediatric dentistry, orthodontics, and dental anesthesiology) participate in the DRM program. The results showed that the number of programs participating and number of residency positions offered increased over the study period. The programs that filled all their positions ranked more applicants than the programs that did not fill their positions (p<0.05). The number of acceptable applicants increased over the study period for all programs except those in dental anesthesiology. These results suggest that participation in DRM is increasing, most programs are able to fill their positions with acceptable applicants, and programs seeking to fill all their positions need to submit a large number of ranks.
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Internado y Residencia/estadística & datos numéricos , Criterios de Admisión Escolar/estadística & datos numéricos , Estudios Transversales , Educación de Posgrado en Odontología/estadística & datos numéricos , Humanos , Estados UnidosRESUMEN
PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify characteristics of hospital-based emergency department (ED) visits for tooth fracture and subsequent dentally related hospital admissions. METHODS: This was a retrospective analysis of the Nationwide Emergency Department Sample of the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project for the years 2008 to 2010. All children up to 21 years old, with a diagnosis of tooth fracture due to trauma, were selected. Hospital ED charges, occurrence of concurrent injuries, and hospitalization following ED visits were examined. RESULTS: A total of 199,061 ED visits were attributed to broken or fractured teeth; males comprised 63 percent of ED visits. Skull and facial fractures were present in seven percent and intracranial injuries in four percent of ED visits. The most frequent causes for ED visits and for subsequent hospitalization, respectively, were falls and motor vehicle accidents. The mean charge for each ED visit was $1,441. Total charges for the entire United States were $241.8 million. Following an ED visit, 7,233 patients were admitted as inpatients. CONCLUSIONS: Males comprised a majority of these emergency department visits. Occurrence of concomitant bodily injuries appears to be common and is a significant predictor of hospitalization and hospital ED charges.
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Servicio de Urgencia en Hospital/estadística & datos numéricos , Fracturas de los Dientes/epidemiología , Accidentes por Caídas/estadística & datos numéricos , Accidentes de Tránsito/estadística & datos numéricos , Adolescente , Lesiones Encefálicas/epidemiología , Niño , Preescolar , Servicio Odontológico Hospitalario/estadística & datos numéricos , Estudios Epidemiológicos , Huesos Faciales/lesiones , Femenino , Precios de Hospital , Hospitalización/estadística & datos numéricos , Humanos , Lactante , Masculino , Traumatismo Múltiple/epidemiología , Admisión del Paciente/estadística & datos numéricos , Estudios Retrospectivos , Factores Sexuales , Fracturas Craneales/epidemiología , Resultado del Tratamiento , Estados Unidos/epidemiología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
With the U.S. population growing ever more diverse and the need for dentists in many areas of the United States, there is increasing opportunity for foreign-trained dentists to pursue dental careers in this country. This article provides a broad overview of dental education and career pathways available for foreign-trained dentists in the United States. Educational opportunities include pursuing advanced standing dental degree programs and advanced graduate education (residency programs). Career pathways include working in academic and private practice settings. This article also describes the licensure and visa requirements foreign-trained dentists must satisfy to work legally in the United States.
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Selección de Profesión , Odontólogos , Personal Profesional Extranjero/educación , Investigación Dental/educación , Odontólogos/legislación & jurisprudencia , Educación de Posgrado en Odontología , Docentes de Odontología , Personal Profesional Extranjero/legislación & jurisprudencia , Humanos , Internado y Residencia/clasificación , Licencia en Odontología , Práctica Privada , Práctica Profesional , Especialidades Odontológicas/educación , Apoyo a la Formación Profesional , Estados UnidosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Multitude of maxillofacial infections from odontogenic and nonodontogenic origins can progress to facial cellulitis, which may require an emergency department (ED) visit for appropriate care. The aim of this study was to investigate national prevalence of ED visits attributed primarily to facial cellulitis, to quantify the associated hospital charges, and to identify a cohort of population presenting to the ED with facial cellulitis. STUDY DESIGN: The Nationwide Emergency Department Sample (NEDS) for the year 2007, a component database of the health care cost and utilization project was used for this study. All ED visits that had a primary diagnosis of facial cellulitis (ICD-9-CM code 682.0) were selected for analysis. All estimates were projected to national levels using the discharge weight variables. RESULTS: In 2007, a total of 302,507 ED visits were attributed primarily to facial cellulitis in the USA. The average age of the patients was 35.0 years. The mean hospital charge for each ED visit was $1,024, with a total charge of $241,541,694. A total of 17.8% of ED visits were admitted into the same hospital for inpatient care, and 78.5% of ED visits were discharged routinely; 67.6% of ED visits occurred on weekdays. Private insurance payers comprised the largest proportion (31.6%). CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights the prevalence of hospital-based ED visits primarily due to facial cellulitis in the USA in year 2007, its significant associated hospital resource utilization for treatment, and characteristics of the patient population who are likely to visit a hospital-based ED for treatment of facial cellulitis.
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Celulitis (Flemón)/epidemiología , Costo de Enfermedad , Servicio de Urgencia en Hospital/estadística & datos numéricos , Cara , Adulto , Factores de Edad , Anciano , Infecciones Bacterianas/epidemiología , Celulitis (Flemón)/economía , Estudios de Cohortes , Comorbilidad , Diabetes Mellitus/epidemiología , Servicio de Urgencia en Hospital/economía , Sistemas Prepagos de Salud/estadística & datos numéricos , Precios de Hospital/estadística & datos numéricos , Hospitales Urbanos/estadística & datos numéricos , Humanos , Hipertensión/epidemiología , Renta/estadística & datos numéricos , Seguro de Salud/economía , Seguro de Salud/estadística & datos numéricos , Enfermedades Maxilomandibulares/epidemiología , Pacientes no Asegurados/estadística & datos numéricos , Medicare/estadística & datos numéricos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Admisión del Paciente/economía , Admisión del Paciente/estadística & datos numéricos , Alta del Paciente/economía , Alta del Paciente/estadística & datos numéricos , Transferencia de Pacientes/estadística & datos numéricos , Prevalencia , Factores de Tiempo , Enfermedades Dentales/epidemiología , Estados Unidos/epidemiología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Background. Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) has gained widespread acceptance in dentistry for a variety of applications. Most dentists who are not radiologists/trained in radiology are generally not familiar with interpretation of anatomical structures and/or pathosis outside their area of primary interest, as often this was not within the scope of their training. Objectives. To assess that the number of incidental findings on a CBCT scan is high both within and outside of the primary area of interest, thereby emphasizing the importance of interpretation of all areas visualized on the scan. Materials and Methods. An oral and maxillofacial radiologist reviewed 1000 CBCT scans (382 males and 618 females) for findings both in- and outside the area of interest. Results. Of the 1000 subjects that were reviewed, 943 scans showed findings in the primary regions of interest and/or outside the regions of interest, and 76 different conditions were visualized in these scans both in and outside the areas of interest. Conclusion. From the wide scope of findings noted on these scans, it can be concluded that it is essential that a person trained in advanced interpretation techniques in radiology interprets cone beam computed tomography scans.
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OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to provide estimates of hospitalizations attributed to oral health related conditions in the United States (US). STUDY DESIGN: The nationwide inpatient sample (NIS) of the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) for 2008 was used. Hospital admissions with a primary diagnosis of dental/oral health-related conditions were identified using ICD-9-CM diagnosis codes. RESULTS: A total of 50,658 hospital admissions were primarily attributed to oral health-related conditions in 2008. Total US hospitalization charges were $1.218 billion. Total US hospitalization days were 174,496 days. CONCLUSIONS: The current study examines outcomes in patients hospitalized primarily for dental/oral health-related conditions. Of 39,885,120 hospitalizations that occurred in the US, a total of 50,658 (1.27%) were primarily attributed to dental-related conditions. Substantial resources are spent in treating dental-related conditions in hospital settings.
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Hospitalización/estadística & datos numéricos , Enfermedades de la Boca/epidemiología , Enfermedades Dentales/epidemiología , Adulto , Áreas de Influencia de Salud/estadística & datos numéricos , Estudios de Cohortes , Comorbilidad , Deformidades Dentofaciales/epidemiología , Servicios de Atención de Salud a Domicilio/estadística & datos numéricos , Capacidad de Camas en Hospitales/estadística & datos numéricos , Precios de Hospital/estadística & datos numéricos , Mortalidad Hospitalaria , Hospitales/clasificación , Hospitales de Enseñanza/estadística & datos numéricos , Humanos , Seguro de Salud/estadística & datos numéricos , Tiempo de Internación/estadística & datos numéricos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Admisión del Paciente/estadística & datos numéricos , Alta del Paciente/estadística & datos numéricos , Transferencia de Pacientes/estadística & datos numéricos , Enfermedades Periodontales/epidemiología , Grupos Raciales/estadística & datos numéricos , Enfermedades de las Glándulas Salivales/epidemiología , Estados Unidos/epidemiología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The chances of presenting to hospital emergency departments (EDs) are significantly higher in individuals who ignore regular dental care and in those with medical conditions. Little is known about nationwide estimates of hospital-based ED visits caused by periodontal conditions in the United States. The objective of this study is to determine the incidence of ED visits caused by periodontal conditions that occurred in a 2006 nationwide sample and to identify the risk factors for hospitalization during the ED visits. METHODS: The Nationwide Emergency Department Sample (NEDS) for 2006 was used for this study. Patients who visited the ED with a primary diagnosis of acute gingivitis, chronic gingivitis, gingival recession, aggressive or acute periodontitis, chronic periodontitis, periodontosis, accretions, other specified periodontal disease, or unspecified gingival and periodontal disease were selected for this study. Estimates were projected to the national levels using the discharge weights. The association between patient characteristics and the odds of being hospitalized was examined using a multivariable logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: A total of 85,039 visits to hospital-based EDs with a mean charge per visit of $456.31 and total charges close to $33.3 million were primarily attributed to gingival and periodontal conditions in the United States. Close to 36% and 33% of all visits occurred among the lowest income group and uninsured population, respectively. The total ED charges for those covered by Medicare, Medicaid, private insurance, and other insurance plans were close to $4.95 million, $9.14 million, $8.01 million, and $0.92 million, respectively. The uninsured were charged a total of $10.06 million. Inpatient admission to the same hospital was required for 1,167 visits. The total hospitalization charge for this group was $17.51 million. Patients with comorbid conditions (congestive heart failure, valvular disease, hypertension, paralysis, neurologic disorders, chronic pulmonary disease, hypothyroidism, liver disease, AIDS, coagulopathy, deficiency anemia, obesity, alcohol abuse, or drug abuse) were associated with higher odds for hospitalization during an ED visit for periodontal conditions compared to those without comorbid conditions (P <0.05). Patients who had a primary diagnosis of acute or aggressive periodontitis were associated with significantly higher odds of being hospitalized during ED visits. CONCLUSIONS: Estimates from the NEDS suggest that a total of 85,039 hospital-based ED visits had a primary diagnosis for periodontal conditions. Close to $33.3 million was charged by hospitals for treating these conditions on an emergency basis. ED visits with a primary diagnosis for acute and aggressive periodontitis, covered by Medicare insurance, and comorbid conditions were more likely to result in hospitalization based on the analysis of the NEDS. However, when interpreting these conclusions, one should keep the limitations inherent to hospital discharge datasets in perspective.