Natural killer cell activity is a risk factor for the recurrence risk after curative treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Natural killer (NK) cells have been known to contribute to surveillance and control of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the association of NK cell activity with stage and recurrence risk of HCC have not been fully evaluated. METHODS: Untreated patients with newly diagnosed HCC were prospectively enrolled. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated at the time of diagnosis. Patients who had undergone surgery or radiofrequency ablation were classified as the curative treatment group, and their blood samples were collected again at 1 month after treatment. RESULTS: A total of 80 patients with HCC were enrolled. The mean age was 62.5 years. At baseline, interferon (IFN)-γ producing NK cell proportion was significantly lower in patients with Barcelona clinic liver cancer (BCLC) stage B, C, or D than in those with BCLC stage 0 (42.9% vs. 56.8%, P = 0.045). Among all patients, 56 patients had undergone curative treatment, and 42 patients re-visited at 1 month after curative treatment. There was no significant change in total NK cell and IFN-γ producing NK cell proportion from baseline to 1 month after treatment (all P > 0.05). During a median follow-up of 12.4 months, HCC recurred in 14 patients (33.3%). When patients were classified according to the IFN-γ producing NK cell proportion (group 1, ≥ 45%; and group 2, < 45%), HCC recurrence rate did not differ according to the IFN-γ producing NK cell proportion at baseline (log-rank test, P = 0.835). However, patients with < 45% IFN-γ producing NK cell proportion at 1 month after treatment had a significantly higher HCC recurrence rate than patients with that of ≥ 45% (log-rank test, P < 0.001). Multivariate analysis revealed that BCLC stage B (hazard ratio [HR] = 3.412, P = 0.045) and < 45% IFN-γ producing NK cell proportion at 1 month after treatment (HR = 6.934, P = 0.001) independently predicted an increased risk of HCC recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: Decreased NK cell activity is significantly associated with the advanced stage of HCC, and the increased recurrence risk of HCC after curative treatment.

Assessment and prediction of acute kidney injury in patients with decompensated cirrhosis with serum cystatin C and urine N-acetyl-ß-D-glucosaminidase.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: For appropriate management of acute kidney injury (AKI) in cirrhotic patients, accurate differentiation of the types of AKI, prerenal azotemia (PRA), hepatorenal syndrome (HRS), and acute tubular necrosis (ATN) is very important. Urine N-acetyl-ß-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) has been proposed as a good tubular injury marker in many studies, but its efficacy in cirrhosis is unclear. This study was performed to evaluate the usefulness of urine NAG in patients with decompensated cirrhosis. METHODS: In 114 hospitalized patients with decompensated cirrhosis, we assessed serum creatinine, cystatin C, and urine NAG levels as markers for AKI differentiation and development and patient mortality. RESULTS: Thirty patients diagnosed with AKI at baseline had significantly higher serum creatinine and cystatin C levels, urine NAG levels, and Child-Pugh scores than those without AKI. Only urine NAG levels were significantly higher in patients with ATN than those with PRA or HRS (116.1 ± 46.8 U/g vs 39.4 ± 20.2 or 54.0 ± 19.2 U/g urinary creatinine, all P < 0.05). During a median follow up of 6.1 months, AKI developed in 17 of 84 patients: PRA in nine, HRS in six, and ATN in three. Higher serum cystatin C and urine NAG levels were independent predictors of AKI development in patients with decompensated cirrhosis. Survival was significantly associated with low serum cystatin C and urine NAG levels. CONCLUSION: Serum cystatin C and urine NAG levels are useful to differentiate types of AKI and are strong predictors for AKI development and mortality in patients with decompensated cirrhosis.

The LAW index as an accurate indicator of the initiation of antiviral treatment in patients with chronic hepatitis B.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Considering that inflammation and fibrosis are major factors for the indication of antiviral treatment, liver stiffness measurements could help identify patients who require antiviral treatment. This study evaluated factors that best identify patients who require antiviral treatment and to develop a new indicator for chronic hepatitis B (CHB). METHODS: Patients with CHB were randomly classified into a training or validation group, and a model for predicting necroinflammatory activity ≥ A3 or fibrosis grade ≥ F2 (A3F2) was established in the training group using binary regression analysis and validated in the validation group. Predictive efficacy was compared using area under the receiver-operating characteristics curve analysis. RESULTS: Four-hundred ninety-two patients were enrolled. In the training group, female sex, aspartate aminotransferase-to-platelet count ratio index (APRI), and liver stiffness were independent predictors of A3F2 on multivariate analysis. These variables were used to construct a novel model, called the LAW (liver stiffness, APRI, woman) index, as follows: 1.5 × liver stiffness value (kPa) + 3.9 × APRI + 3.2 if female. The LAW index was a better predictor of A3F2 than the APRI or liver stiffness measurement in both training group (0.870; 95% confidence interval, 0.822-0.910) and validation group (0.862; 95% confidence interval, 0.813-0.903). CONCLUSIONS: The LAW index was able to accurately identify patients with CHB who required antiviral treatment. A LAW index of >10.1 could be a strong indicator for the initiation of antiviral treatment in patients with CHB.

The management and prognosis of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: what has changed in 20 years?

BACKGROUND & AIMS: There has been remarkable progress in the management of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) during the last several decades, but its effect on the prognosis of HCC patient needs clarification. We analysed the changes that affected prognosis of HCC patients diagnosed over two different eras. METHODS: A retrospective study of 1318 patients diagnosed with HCC from 1986 to 2012 was conducted. Analysis was done according to two cohorts, cohort 1 (patients diagnosed with HCC from 1986 to 1992) and cohort 2 (patients diagnosed from 2006 to 2012). RESULTS: Hepatitis B virus was the most common cause of liver disease for both cohorts (66.2% and 66.0%). The proportion of patients with Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer stage 0/A was significantly lower in cohort 1 than in cohort 2 (14.4% vs. 39.5%, P < 0.001). The proportions of patients diagnosed during surveillance and general health check-up were significantly higher in cohort 2 than in cohort 1 (28.6% vs. 10.6% and 26.3% vs. 7.9%, respectively) while those diagnosed during symptomatic evaluation was significantly higher in cohort 1 than in cohort 2 (45.1 vs. 81.4%, P < 0.001). Surgical resection rate was similar between the two cohorts (26.1% vs 26%) while the transcatheter arterial chemoembolization rate which was the highest in cohort 1 (40.6%) was overtaken by radiofrequency ablation in cohort 2 (55%) at BCLC stage 0/A. Median survival duration in cohort 2 was significantly longer than cohort 1 (65.0 vs. 7.9 months, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Implementation of national cancer surveillance and the advancement of treatment modalities have likely led to early detection of HCC and improvements in prognosis over the last 20 years.

Subclinical Ascites Does Not Affect the Long-term Prognosis in Hepatitis B Virus-related Cirrhosis Patients Receiving Antivirals.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: This study evaluated the clinical significance of subclinical ascites in patients with hepatitis B virus-related cirrhosis treated with lamivudine (LMV) or entecavir (ETV). METHODS: This multicenter retrospective study involved 8 hospitals. Patients were classified by degree of ascites: (1) no ascites (no ascites on imaging, no diuretics), (2) subclinical ascites (small amount of ascites on imaging, no diuretics), and (3) clinical ascites (moderate to severe ascites or diuretics). RESULTS: Out of 501 patients, 336 (68%), 51 (10%), and 114 (23%) patients were classified as no-ascites, subclinical ascites, and clinical ascites, respectively. In all, 100 (20%) and 401 (80%) were treated with LMV and ETV, respectively. Over 58±24 months of follow-up, 105 patients (21%) developed hepatocellular carcinoma. The cumulative incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma did not differ between LMV-treated and ETV-treated patients (P=0.61); it was higher in the clinical-ascites group than the no-ascites (P=0.054) and subclinical-ascites (P=0.03) groups, but it was comparable between the latter 2 (P=0.225). Forty-five patients (9%) died during follow-up. Survival was significantly shorter in the clinical-ascites group than the other 2 (both P<0.005), but it was comparable between no-ascites and subclinical-ascites groups (P=0.444). Multivariate analysis showed that mortality was significantly associated with prothrombin time [hazard ratio (HR)=2.42; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.59-3.70], serum albumin (HR=0.54; 95% CI, 0.29-0.99), and presence of clinical ascites (HR=3.58; 95% CI, 1.54-8.30). CONCLUSIONS: Subclinical ascites did not affect prognosis in patients with hepatitis B virus-related cirrhosis receiving antiviral treatment.

BCLC stage B is a better designation for single large hepatocellular carcinoma than BCLC stage A.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Although the Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) staging system is widely used for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) staging, the most appropriate BCLC stage designation for single large HCC (SLHCC, single nodule > 5 cm) remains controversial. This study investigated the prognosis of patients with SLHCC. METHODS: Patients with newly diagnosed HCCs (BCLC stages A or B) were classified according to tumor burden: group 1, a single nodule > 2 and ≤ 5 cm or two or three nodules ≤ 3 cm; group 2, a single nodule > 5 cm; and group 3, two or three nodules > 3 cm or > 3 nodules. Survival analysis was performed according to tumor stage, treatment type, and Child-Pugh grade. RESULTS: A total of 1005 patients were enrolled. Age was 59.3 ± 10.6 years, and 788 patients (78.4%) were men. Groups 1, 2, and 3 consisted of 613 (61.0%), 124 (12.3%), and 268 (26.7%) patients, respectively. HCC treatment included resection in 202 patients (20.1%), radiofrequency ablation ± transarterial chemoembolization in 311 patients (30.9%), and transarterial chemoembolization in 492 patients (49.0%). The median survival time differed significantly according to tumor stage (75.2, 44.9, and 30.3 months in groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively; P < 0.001). Multivariate analysis showed that group 2 had significantly worse survival compared with group 1 and similar survival to group 3. CONCLUSIONS: Patients in group 2 had a worse prognosis than those in group 1 and a similar prognosis to those in group 3. Our results suggest that BCLC stage B is the best stage designation for SLHCC.

Determinants of re-compensation in patients with hepatitis B virus-related decompensated cirrhosis starting antiviral therapy.

BACKGROUND: Despite antiviral therapy, liver function often fails to recover in patients with hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related decompensated cirrhosis. AIM: To establish a prognostic model to predict re-compensation in patients starting potent nucleos(t)ide analogue (NUC) therapy METHODS: We analysed 311 consecutive patients with HBV-related decompensated cirrhosis treated with entecavir or tenofovir. The primary outcome was re-compensation, defined as recovery to a Child-Pugh score of 5. The BC2AID score was developed from a cohort of 152 subjects based on competing risk models and validated in another cohort of 159 subjects. RESULTS: Re-compensation occurred in 57.2% and 66.7% of the subjects in the derivation and validation cohorts, respectively. Six independent predictors for re-compensation were identified in the derivation cohort and these comprised the BC2AID score: bilirubin ≤5 mg/dL (adjusted sub-distribution hazard ratio [aSHR] 2.18), absence of severe complications (aSHR 2.78), alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) ≥50 ng/mL (aSHR 2.54), alanine aminotransferase ≥200 IU/L (aSHR 2.62), international normalised ratio ≤1.5 (aSHR 2.37) and ≤6 months from initial decompensation until initiation of NUCs (aSHR 4.79). In the validation cohort, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of the BC2AID score for re-compensation within 1 year of NUC therapy was significantly higher than that of the Child-Pugh, MELD, MELDNa and BE3A scores (0.813 vs 0.691, 0.638, 0.645 and 0.624, respectively; all P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Six clinical parameters, including AFP and the timing of antiviral therapy, were combined into a scoring system to accurately predict early re-compensation in patients with HBV-related decompensated cirrhosis.

Lens culinaris agglutinin-reactive fraction of alpha-fetoprotein improves diagnostic accuracy for hepatocellular carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Diagnostic accuracy of various tumor markers and their combinations for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) was not fully investigated. AIM: To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), the Lens culinaris agglutinin-reactive fraction of AFP (AFP-L3), and protein induced by vitamin K absence or antagonist-II (PIVKA-II) and their combination for HCC diagnosis. METHODS: Patients with newly detected liver mass or elevated serum AFP levels were considered eligible. Serum AFP level, AFP-L3 fraction, and PIVKA-II level were measured at the first visit. RESULTS: In total, 622 patients were included; 355 patients (57.1%) had chronic liver disease, and 208 (33.4%) had liver cirrhosis. HCC was diagnosed in 160 patients (25.7%). The area under the receiver operating characteristics curves (AUROCs) of the serum AFP, AFP-L3 fraction, AFP-L3, and PIVKA-II levels for the diagnosis of HCC were 0.775, 0.792, 0.814, and 0.834, respectively. A novel diagnostic model was developed by classifying patients in a 1:1 ratio into training and validation sets. Using the binary regression analysis of the training cohort, the AFP, AFP-L3 fraction, and PIVKA-II (ALPs) score was calculated as follows: ALPs score = 3.8 × [serum AFP level (ng/mL) × AFP-L3 fraction (%) × 0.01] + 0.2 × PIVKA-II level (mAU/mL). The AUROC of the ALPs score for diagnosis of HCC was 0.878, significantly higher than that of serum AFP level (P < 0.001), AFP-L3 fraction (P < 0.001), PIVKA-II level (P = 0.036), and AFP-L3 level (P = 0.006). The optimal ALPs score cut-off was 5.3 (sensitivity, 85.0%, specificity 80.1%). The validation cohort showed similar results. CONCLUSION: The ALPs score calculated using serum AFP level, AFP-L3 fraction, and PIVKA-II level showed improved accuracy in HCC diagnosis.

Serum milk fat globule-EGF factor 8 protein as a potential biomarker for metabolic syndrome.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Useful biomarkers for metabolic syndrome have been insufficient. We investigated the performance of serum milk fat globule-EGF factor-8 (MFG-E8), the key mediator of inflammatory pathway, in diagnosis of metabolic syndrome. METHODS: Subjects aged between 30 and 64 years were prospectively enrolled in the Seoul Metabolic Syndrome cohort. Serum MFG-E8 levels were measured at baseline. RESULTS: A total of 556 subjects were included, comprising 279 women (50.2%) and 277 men (49.8%). Metabolic syndrome was diagnosed in 236 subjects (42.4%), and the mean MFG-E8 level of subjects with metabolic syndrome was significantly higher than that of subjects without metabolic syndrome (P<0.001). MFG-E8 level was significantly correlated with all metabolic syndrome components and pulse wave velocity (all P<0.05). Subjects were categorized into two groups according to the best MFG-E8 cut-off value as follows: group 1, MFG-E8 level <4,745.1 pg/mL (n=401, 72.1%); and group 2, MFG-E8 level ≥4,745.1 (n=155, 27.9%). At baseline, metabolic syndrome in group 2 was significantly more prevalent than in group 1 (63.9% vs. 34.2%, P<0.001). During median follow-up of 17 months, metabolic syndrome developed in 122 (38.1%) subjects among 320 subjects without it at baseline. The incidence of metabolic syndrome in group 2 was significantly higher than that in group 1 (55.4% vs. 34.5%, P=0.003). On multivariate analysis, MFG-E8 level ≥4,745.1 pg/mL was an independent predictor for diagnosis and development of metabolic syndrome after adjusting other factors (all P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Serum MFG-E8 level is a potent biomarker for the screening and prediction of metabolic syndrome.

Change in the Recurrence Pattern and Predictors over Time after Complete Cure of Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

Background/Aims: We investigated changes in recurrence rates and significant recurrence predictors over time after complete cure of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods: A total of 1,491 patients with first-time diagnosis of Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer stage A HCC, completely cured by treatment between 2007 and 2016, were recruited from two Korean tertiary institutes. Results: The mean age of the population (1,144 men and 347 women) was 58.6 years. Of the total population, 914 patients (61.3%) had liver cirrhosis. Nine-hundred and forty-one (63.1%) and 550 (36.9%) patients were treated with surgical resection and radiofrequency ablation (RFA), respectively. One-year cumulative incidences of HCC recurrence were 14.3%, 9.9%, and 5.1% from the time of treatment, 3 years after treatment, and 5 years after treatment, respectively. Upon multivariate analysis, multiple tumors, maximal tumor size ≥3 cm, and high Model for End-Stage Liver Disease scores were independently associated with increased HCC recurrence risk from the time of treatment and 1 and 2 years after curative treatment (all p<0.05, except for maximal tumor size ≥3 cm for recurrence 2 years after treatment). Meanwhile, liver cirrhosis and RFA were independently associated with the increased HCC recurrence risk for almost all time points (liver cirrhosis: all p<0.05; RFA: all p<0.005 except for recurrence from 5 years after treatment). Conclusions: The recurrence rate of HCC after curative treatment gradually decreased over time. Two years after treatment, when tumor-related factors lose their prognostic implications, may be used as a cutoff to define the boundary between early and late recurrence of HCC.

Clinical implications of thoracic duct dilatation in patients with chronic liver disease.

This study aimed to investigate the association between the degree of thoracic duct dilatation and the progression of chronic liver disease.In this cross-sectional and retrospective study, 179 patients (mean age, 60.9 years; 114 men) with chronic liver disease who underwent chest CT were enrolled. Dilatation of the left distal thoracic ducts (DTD) was measured and divided into the following 3 grades according to the maximum transverse diameter: grade 0, invisible thoracic duct; grade 1, visible duct with <5-mm diameter; grade 2, diameter of ≥5 mm. Statistical analyses were conducted using the binary logistic regression model.The proportion of grade 2 DTD was notably higher as the chronic liver disease progressed to cirrhosis. Visible DTD on chest CT was significantly related to the presence of cirrhosis (odds ratio [OR], 3.809; P = .027) and significant varix (OR, 3.211; P = .025). Grade 2 DTD was observed more frequently in patients with ascites (OR, 2.788; P = .039). However, 40% of patients with cirrhosis and ascites still exhibited no visible DTD while demonstrating significant amount of ascites, and their ascites were more predominant of recent onset and transient than that observed in other patients (85.7% vs 48.4%, P = .010 and 66.7% vs 29.0%, P = .009, respectively).The degree of thoracic duct dilatation is significantly associated with progression to cirrhosis and advancement of portal hypertension. Further, insufficient lymph drainage to DTD might contribute to the development of ascites.

Evaluation of Treatment Response after Endoscopic Variceal Obturation with Abdominal Computed Tomography.

Backgrounds/Aims: Rebleeding of gastric varices (GVs) after endoscopic variceal obturation (EVO) can be fatal. This study was performed to evaluate the usefulness of computed tomography (CT) for the prediction of rebleeding after EVO GV bleeding. Methods: Patients who were treated with EVO for GV bleeding and underwent CT before and after EVO were included. CT images of the portal phase showing pretreatment GVs and feeding vessels, and nonenhanced images showing posttreatment cyanoacrylate impaction were reviewed. Results: Fifty-three patients were included. Their mean age was 60.6±11.6 years, and 40 patients (75.5%) were men. Alcoholic liver disease was the most frequent underlying liver disease (45.3%). Complete impaction of cyanoacrylate in GVs and feeding vessels were achieved in 40 (75.5%) and 24 (45.3%) of patients, respectively. During the follow-up, GV rebleeding occurred in nine patients, and the cumulative incidences of GV rebleeding at 3, 6, and 12 months were 11.8%, 18.9%, and 18.9%, respectively. The GV rebleeding rate did not differ significantly according to the complete cyanoacrylate impaction in the GV, while it differed significantly according to complete cyanoacrylate impaction in the feeding vessels. The cumulative incidences of GV rebleeding at 3, 6, and 12 months were 22.3%, 35.2%, and 35.2%, respectively, in patients with incomplete impaction in feeding vessels, and there was no rebleeding during the follow-up period in patients with complete impaction in the feeding vessels (p=0.002). Conclusions: Abdominal CT is useful in the evaluation of the treatment response after EVO for GV bleeding. Incomplete cyanoacrylate impaction in feeding vessels is a risk factor for GV rebleeding.

Prognosis of patients with gastric variceal bleeding after endoscopic variceal obturation according to the type of varices.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: This study was performed to evaluate the treatment efficacy of endoscopic variceal obturation (EVO) in patients with gastric variceal bleeding (GVB) according to the type of varices. PATIENTS AND METHODS: All patients who were treated with EVO for bleeding from gastric varices (GVs) were included. Patients with a previous history of endoscopic treatment for GVB and those with accompanying portal vein invasion by hepatocellular carcinoma or other malignancy were excluded. RESULTS: Ninety-one patients with GVB were included. Mean age was 59.4±12.4 years and 72 (79.1%) patients were men. The types of varices were gastroesophageal varices (GOV) type 1 (GOV1), GOV2, and isolated gastric varices type 1 (IGV1) in 30 (33.3%), 35 (38.5%), and 26 (28.6%) patients, respectively. Hemostasis and GV obliteration were achieved in 88 (96.7%) and 81 (89.0%) patients, respectively. Among 81 patients with GV obliteration, GV recurred in 26 (32.1%) patients. The GV recurrence rate was significantly lower in patients with GOV1 than in those with GOV2 (P=0.007), while it was comparable between patients with GOV1 and IGV1 (P=0.111) and between patients with GOV2 and IGV1 (P=0.278). Variceal rebleeding occurred in 11 (13.6%) patients. GVB recurrence rate was significantly higher in patients with GOV2 than in those with GOV1 (P=0.034) and IGV1 (P=0.018), while it was comparable between patients with GOV1 and IGV1 (P=0.623). Mortality rate was comparable among the three groups. CONCLUSIONS: EVO was very effective in patients with GVB. GV recurrence and GV rebleeding were significantly lower in patients with GOV1 than in those with GOV2.

Comparison of 2 curative treatment options for very early hepatocellular carcinoma: Efficacy, recurrence pattern, and retreatment.

Curative treatments for very early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), defined as single HCC with a maximum diameter of <2 cm in patients with well-preserved liver function, consist of surgical resection or radiofrequency ablation (RFA). In this retrospective study, we compared the efficacy of both treatments in 154 patients with very early-stage HCCs who underwent resection or RFA as initial therapy and were followed up for a median of 56.8 months. Propensity score matching analysis was also conducted. Overall survival was comparable between treatment groups (median survival time of 143 vs 97 months for resection and RFA, respectively; P = .132). Resection group; however, demonstrated a significantly lower recurrence rate after initial therapy than RFA group (42.3% vs 65.7%; P = .006) with a longer median recurrence-free survival time (66.7 vs 33.8 months; P = .002), which was confirmed even after matching (P = .04). In contrast, the recurrence pattern in advanced-stage (9.6% vs 1.0%; P = .01) or incurable recurrences (19% vs 13%; P = .04) was more frequent following resection than RFA. Recurrent lesions were comparatively more curable in RFA group than in resection group (80% vs 54.5%; P = .02). The recurrence of HCC was independently associated with lower serum albumin level (P = .027), the presence of comorbid diabetes mellitus (P = .010), and RFA (P = .034). In conclusion, in patients with very early-stage HCC, surgical resection has achieved significantly better recurrence-free survival than RFA. A closer follow-up is required after resection.

Clinical usefulness of psoas muscle thickness for the diagnosis of sarcopenia in patients with liver cirrhosis.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The most widely used method for diagnosing sarcopenia is the skeletal muscle index (SMI). Several studies have suggested that psoas muscle thickness per height (PMTH) is also effective for detecting sarcopenia and predicting prognosis in patients with cirrhosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the optimal cutoff values of PMTH for detecting sarcopenia in cirrhotic patients. METHODS: All cirrhotic patients who underwent abdominal computed tomography (CT) scan including L3 and umbilical levels for measuring SMI and transverse psoas muscle thickness, respectively, were included. Two definitions of sarcopenia were used: (1) sex-specific cutoffs of SMI (≤52.4 cm2 /m2 in men and ≤38.5 cm2 /m2 in women) for SMI-sarcopenia and (2) cutoff of PMTH (<16.8 mm/m) for PMTH-sarcopenia. RESULTS: Six hundred fifty-three patients were included. The average age was 53.6 ± 10.2 years, and 499 patients (76.4%) were men. PMTH correlated well with SMI in both men and women (P<0.001). Two hundred forty-one (36.9%) patients met the criteria for SMI-sarcopenia. The best PMTH cutoff values for predicting SMI-sarcopenia were 17.3 mm/m in men and 10.4 mm/m in women, and these were defined as sex-specific cutoffs of PMTH (SsPMTH). The previously published cutoff of PMTH was defined as sex-nonspecific cutoff of PMTH (SnPMTH). Two hundred thirty (35.2%) patients were diagnosed with SsPMTH-sarcopenia, and 280 (44.4%) patients were diagnosed with SnPMTH-sarcopenia. On a multivariate Cox regression analysis, SsPMTH-sarcopenia (hazard ratio [HR], 1.944; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.144-3.304; P=0.014) was significantly associated with mortality, while SnPMTH-sarcopenia was not (HR, 1.446; 95% CI, 0.861-2.431; P=0.164). CONCLUSION: PMTH was well correlated with SMI in cirrhotic patients. SsPMTH-sarcopenia was an independent predictor of mortality in these patients and more accurately predicted mortality compared to SnPMTH-sarcopenia.

Cyanoacrylate injection versus band ligation for bleeding from cardiac varices along the lesser curvature of the stomach.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Practice guidelines recommend endoscopic band ligation (EBL) and endoscopic variceal obturation (EVO) for bleeding from esophageal varices and fundal varices, respectively. However, the optimal treatment for bleeding from cardiac varices along the lesser curvature of the stomach (GOV1) remains undefined. This retrospective study compared the efficacy between EBL and EVO for bleeding from GOV1. METHODS: Patients treated by EBL or EVO via cyanoacrylate injection for bleeding from GOV1 were enrolled. Patients diagnosed with hepatocellular carcinoma or treated with endoscopic injection sclerotherapy were excluded. RESULTS: The study included 91 patients treated for bleeding from GOV1. The mean age was 56.3±10.9 years (mean±SD), and 78 of them (85.7%) were men. Overall, 51 and 40 patients were treated with EBL and EVO, respectively. A trend for a higher hemostasis rate was noted in the EVO group (100%) than in the EBL group (82.6%, P=0.078). Varices rebled in 15 patients during follow-up. The rebleeding rate was significantly higher in the EBL group than in the EVO group (P=0.004). During follow-up, 13 patients died (11 in the EBL group and 2 in the EVO group); the survival rate was marginally significant between two groups (P=0.050). The rebleeding-free survival rate was significantly higher in the EVO group than in the EBL group (P=0.001). CONCLUSION: Compared to EBL, EVO offered significantly lower rebleeding rates, significantly higher rebleeding-free survival rates, and a trend for higher hemostasis and survival rates. EVO appears to be the better therapeutic option for bleeding from GOV1.

Hepatitis B surface antigen titer is a good indicator of durable viral response after entecavir off-treatment for chronic hepatitis B.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Clear indicators for stopping antiviral therapy in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients are not yet available. Since the level of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) is correlated with covalently closed circular DNA, the HBsAg titer might be a good indicator of the off-treatment response. This study aimed to determine the relationship between the HBsAg titer and the entecavir (ETV) off-treatment response. METHODS: This study analyzed 44 consecutive CHB patients (age, 44.6±11.4 years, mean±SD; men, 63.6%; positive hepatitis B envelope antigen (HBeAg) at baseline, 56.8%; HBV DNA level, 6.8±1.3 log10 IU/mL) treated with ETV for a sufficient duration and in whom treatment was discontinued after HBsAg levels were measured. A virological relapse was defined as an increase in serum HBV DNA level of >2000 IU/mL, and a clinical relapse was defined as a virological relapse with a biochemical flare, defined as an increase in the serum alanine aminotransferase level of >2 × upper limit of normal. RESULTS: After stopping ETV, virological relapse and clinical relapse were observed in 32 and 24 patients, respectively, during 20.8±19.9 months of follow-up. The cumulative incidence rates of virological relapse were 36.2% and 66.2%, respectively, at 6 and 12 months, and those of clinical relapse were 14.3% and 42.3%. The off-treatment HBsAg level was an independent factor associated with clinical relapse (hazard ratio, 2.251; 95% confidence interval, 1.076-4.706; P=0.031). When patients were grouped according to off-treatment HBsAg levels, clinical relapse did not occur in patients with an off-treatment HBsAg level of ≤2 log10 IU/mL (n=5), while the incidence rates of clinical relapse at 12 months after off-treatment were 28.4% and 55.7% in patients with off-treatment HBsAg levels of >2 and ≤3 log10 IU/mL (n=11) and >3 log10 IU/mL (n=28), respectively. CONCLUSION: The off-treatment HBsAg level is closely related to clinical relapse after treatment cessation. A serum HBsAg level of <2 log10 IU/mL is an excellent predictor of a sustained off-treatment response in CHB patients who have received ETV for a sufficient duration.