On the higher-order smallest ring-star network of Chialvo neurons under diffusive couplings.

Network dynamical systems with higher-order interactions are a current trending topic, pervasive in many applied fields. However, our focus in this work is neurodynamics. We numerically study the dynamics of the smallest higher-order network of neurons arranged in a ring-star topology. The dynamics of each node in this network is governed by the Chialvo neuron map, and they interact via linear diffusive couplings. This model is perceived to imitate the nonlinear dynamical properties exhibited by a realistic nervous system where the neurons transfer information through multi-body interactions. We deploy the higher-order coupling strength as the primary bifurcation parameter. We start by analyzing our model using standard tools from dynamical systems theory: fixed point analysis, Jacobian matrix, and bifurcation patterns. We observe the coexistence of disparate chaotic attractors. We also observe an interesting route to chaos from a fixed point via period-doubling and the appearance of cyclic quasiperiodic closed invariant curves. Furthermore, we numerically observe the existence of codimension-1 bifurcation points: saddle-node, period-doubling, and Neimark-Sacker. We also qualitatively study the typical phase portraits of the system, and numerically quantify chaos and complexity using the 0-1 test and sample entropy measure, respectively. Finally, we study the synchronization behavior among the neurons using the cross correlation coefficient and the Kuramoto order parameter. We conjecture that unfolding these patterns and behaviors of the network model will help us identify different states of the nervous system, further aiding us in dealing with various neural diseases and nervous disorders.

Meta-Analysis of Cytotoxicity Studies Using Machine Learning Models on Physical Properties of Plant Extract-Derived Silver Nanoparticles.

Silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) demonstrate unique properties and their use is exponentially increasing in various applications. The potential impact of Ag-NPs on human health is debatable in terms of toxicity. The present study deals with MTT(3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyl-tetrazolium-bromide) assay on Ag-NPs. We measured the cell activity resulting from molecules' mitochondrial cleavage through a spectrophotometer. The machine learning models Decision Tree (DT) and Random Forest (RF) were utilized to comprehend the relationship between the physical parameters of NPs and their cytotoxicity. The input features used for the machine learning were reducing agent, types of cell lines, exposure time, particle size, hydrodynamic diameter, zeta potential, wavelength, concentration, and cell viability. These parameters were extracted from the literature, segregated, and developed into a dataset in terms of cell viability and concentration of NPs. DT helped in classifying the parameters by applying threshold conditions. The same conditions were applied to RF to extort the predictions. K-means clustering was used on the dataset for comparison. The performance of the models was evaluated through regression metrics, viz. root mean square error (RMSE) and R2. The obtained high value of R2 and low value of RMSE denote an accurate prediction that could best fit the dataset. DT performed better than RF in predicting the toxicity parameter. We suggest using algorithms for optimizing and designing the synthesis of Ag-NPs in extended applications such as drug delivery and cancer treatments.

Photoinduced Regioselective Olefination of Arenes at Proximal and Distal Sites.

The Fujiwara-Moritani reaction has had a profound contribution in the emergence of contemporary C-H activation protocols. Despite the applicability of the traditional approach in different fields, the associated reactivity and regioselectivity issues had rendered it redundant. The revival of this exemplary reaction requires the development of a mechanistic paradigm that would have simultaneous control on both the reactivity and regioselectivity. Often, the high thermal energy required to promote olefination leads to multiple site functionalizations. To this aim, we established a photoredox catalytic system constituting a merger of palladium/organo-photocatalyst (PC) that forges oxidative olefination in an explicit regioselective fashion with diverse arenes and heteroarenes. Visible light plays a significant role in executing "regioresolved" Fujiwara-Moritani reactions without the requirement of silver salts and thermal energy. The catalytic system is also amenable toward proximal and distal olefination aided by the respective directing groups (DGs), which entails the versatility of the protocol in engaging the entire spectrum of C(sp2)-H olefination. Furthermore, streamlining the synthesis of natural products, chiral molecules, drugs, and diversification through late-stage functionalizations underscore the importance of this sustainable protocol. The photoinduced attainment of this regioselective transformation is mechanistically established through control reactions and kinetic studies.

Adverse reaction profile of sulfasalazine and its persistence in chronic therapy of rheumatoid arthritis and spondyloarthritis: A multicentric observational study.

OBJECTIVES: Sulfasalazine has been widely used in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and spondyloarthritis. This study aims to assess persistence with sulfasalazine and also frequency and severity of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) encountered with this very well-established disease-modifying anti-rheumatoid drug. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective study was done in 1,114 patients from medicine and rheumatology outpatient departments of six centers across India. The inclusion criteria was patients taking sulfasalazine. Patients receiving sulfasalazine for rheumatoid arthritis or spondyloarthritis were selected and details on drugs used, duration of taking sulfasalazine, ADRs to sulfasalazine and whether sulfasalazine had to be stopped due to ADRs were analyzed. RESULTS: Of the total of patients included in the study, 10.1% had ADRs with sulfasalazine, and stopped the drug. Gastritis, deranged liver enzymes, hepatitis, skin rashes were the most commonly encountered ADRs. Of the total number of patients recruited for the study, 11% were lost to follow-up, as most of the centers were army hospitals and the officers and staff were posted to other places. Sulfasalazine was taken for less than 1 month by 3.8% patients while 12.5% had taken the drug for less than 6 months. Of the study patients, 28.6% had taken the drug for 24 - 60 months and 4.6% (51 patients) had taken it for more than 5 years. It was found that ADRs were most commonly encountered within the first year of using the drug, and persistence was seen in patients on long-term therapy. CONCLUSION: Sulfasalazine is a safe option in chronic therapy of rheumatoid arthritis and spondyloarthritis. Although frequency of ADRs with patients taking sulfasalazine is minimal, it did necessitate the stoppage of drug. If not well tolerated, sulfasalazine would not have been continued for more than 12 months as evidenced from this study.

Quantitative analysis of loss of anesthesia management opportunities and procedural skills due to COVID-19 pandemic lockdown: An experience of six months from a tertiary care cancer teaching institute.

Background and Aims: COVID-19 has necessitated restrictions on elective surgical workload, which could adversely affect the learning of the core clinical competencies of the postgraduate anesthesiology trainees. The aim was to assess and compare the loss of elective cases requiring anesthesia management and associated procedural skills in six months since lockdown compared to the same duration in 2019. Material and Methods: We compared the data, obtained from electronic medical records, of the total number of elective surgeries requiring anesthesia management and the following procedural skills in both adults and pediatric patients in 6 months duration in 2019 and 2020: 1) Laryngoscopy and Intubation 2) Laryngeal mask airway 3) Arterial and central line cannulations and 4) Spinal, Epidural, Other Regional blocks. Results: A total of 8458 and 3561 elective procedures were performed in the six-month period in 2019 and 2020 respectively, reflecting a 57.9% reduction due to lockdown. There was a proportionate reduction in the adult and pediatric procedures, operating room and non-operating room procedures, and surgeries performed under general anesthesia and monitored anesthesia care. There was a significant increase in the number of surgeries performed under regional anesthesia (486%). Epidurals blocks and other regional blocks also showed a proportionate reduction respectively. Although the total number of video-laryngoscopy assisted intubations show an absolute reduction, when compared to the total number of cases performed in the respective years, we found an increase (2.06% in 2019 vs 3.8% in 2020). The arterial cannulations reduced by 43.29% but the central line cannulations reduced by only 12.28%. Conclusion: There was a significant reduction in both the anesthesia management opportunities and in the total number of associated procedural skills due to COVID-19 lockdown which could adversely affect the learning of core clinical competencies of postgraduate trainees.

A dual-channel incoherent broadband cavity-enhanced absorption spectrometer for sensitive atmospheric NOx measurements.

We describe and characterize a dual-channel incoherent broadband cavity-enhanced absorption spectrometer (DC-IBBCEAS) for the sensitive measurements of NOx: the sum of nitrogen monoxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in the atmosphere. The instrument employs two 1 m long optical cavities, with air being extracted from a common sampling line. The first channel (cavity-1) spans 340-380 nm and the second channel (cavity-2) spans the 405-460 nm spectral range, both measuring NO2 simultaneously. High absorption cross-sections of NO2 in both channels are effectively utilized for its sensitive quantification. NO is quantified by titrating it with ozone to NO2 in channel-2, where the difference of NO2 measured from that in channel-1 corresponds to the NO concentration in the sampled air. The instrument offers 1-ppb detection sensitivity for both NO and NO2 with a maximum possible uncertainty of ∼9%. The use of close yet different spectral regions in the two channels readily extended measurements to a broader range without compromising its sensitivity to NOx quantification. This would extend the DC-IBBCEAS applicability to simultaneously monitor interfering species with significant absorption cross-sections in the region in either channel, such as glyoxal (CHOCHO), methylglyoxal (CH3COCHO), and nitrous acid (HONO).

The TCP4 Transcription Factor Directly Activates TRICHOMELESS1 and 2 and Suppresses Trichome Initiation.

Trichomes are the first line of defense on the outer surface of plants against biotic and abiotic stresses. Because trichomes on leaf surfaces originate from the common epidermal progenitor cells that also give rise to pavement cells and stomata, their density and distribution are under strict genetic control. Regulators of trichome initiation have been identified and incorporated into a biochemical pathway wherein an initiator complex promotes trichome fate in an epidermal progenitor cell, while an inhibitor complex suppresses it in the neighboring cells. However, it is unclear how these regulator proteins, especially the negative regulators, are induced by upstream transcription factors and integrated with leaf morphogenesis. Here, we show that the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) class II TCP proteins activate TRICHOMELESS1 (TCL1) and TCL2, the two established negative regulators of trichome initiation, and reduce trichome density on leaves. Loss-of-function of these TCP proteins increased trichome density whereas TCP4 gain-of-function reduced trichome number. TCP4 binds to the upstream regulatory elements of both TCL1 and TCL 2 and directly promotes their transcription. Further, the TCP-induced trichome suppression is independent of the SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN LIKE family of transcription factors, proteins that also reduce trichome density at later stages of plant development. Our work demonstrates that the class II TCP proteins couple leaf morphogenesis with epidermal cell fate determination.

Distinctive Features of Orbital Adipose Tissue (OAT) in Graves' Orbitopathy.

Depot specific expansion of orbital-adipose-tissue (OAT) in Graves' Orbitopathy (GO) is associated with lipid metabolism signaling defects. We hypothesize that the unique adipocyte biology of OAT facilitates its expansion in GO. A comprehensive comparison of OAT and white-adipose-tissue (WAT) was performed by light/electron-microscopy, lipidomic and transcriptional analysis using ex vivo WAT, healthy OAT (OAT-H) and OAT from GO (OAT-GO). OAT-H/OAT-GO have a single lipid-vacuole and low mitochondrial number. Lower lipolytic activity and smaller adipocytes of OAT-H/OAT-GO, accompanied by similar essential linoleic fatty acid (FA) and (low) FA synthesis to WAT, revealed a hyperplastic OAT expansion through external FA-uptake via abundant SLC27A6 (FA-transporter) expression. Mitochondrial dysfunction of OAT in GO was apparent, as evidenced by the increased mRNA expression of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) and mitofusin-2 (MFN2) in OAT-GO compared to OAT-H. Transcriptional profiles of OAT-H revealed high expression of Iroquois homeobox-family (IRX-3&5), and low expression in HOX-family/TBX5 (essential for WAT/BAT (brown-adipose-tissue)/BRITE (BRown-in-whITE) development). We demonstrated unique features of OAT not presented in either WAT or BAT/BRITE. This study reveals that the pathologically enhanced FA-uptake driven hyperplastic expansion of OAT in GO is associated with a depot specific mechanism (the SLC27A6 FA-transporter) and mitochondrial dysfunction. We uncovered that OAT functions as a distinctive fat depot, providing novel insights into adipocyte biology and the pathological development of OAT expansion in GO.

Novel flourescent spiroborate esters: potential therapeutic agents in in vitro cancer models.

The current treatment system in cancer therapy, which includes chemotherapy/radiotherapy is expensive and often deleterious to surrounding healthy tissue. Presently, several medicinal plants and their constituents are in use to manage the development and progression of these diseases.They have been found effective, safe, and less expensive. In the present study, we are proposing the utility of a new class of curcumin derivative, Rubrocurcumin, the spiroborate ester of curcumin with boric acid and oxalic acid (1:1:1), which have enhanced biostability for therapeutic applications. In vitro cytocompatibility of this drug complex was analysed using MTT assay, neutral red assay, lactate dehydrogenase assay in 3T3L1 adipocytes. Anti tumour activity of this drug complex on MCF7 and A431 human cancer cell line was studied by morphological analysis using phase contrast microscopy, Hoechst staining and cell cycle analysis by FACS. To explore the chemotherapeutic effect, the cytotoxic effect of this compound was also carried out. Rubrocurcumin is more biostable than natural curcumin in physiological medium. Our results prove that this curcumin derivative drug complex possess more efficacy and anti-cancer activity compared with curcumin. The findings out of this study suggests this novel compound as potential candidate for site targeted drug delivery.

Management of acute retrobulbar haemorrhage: a survey of non-ophthalmic emergency department physicians.

INTRODUCTION: Acute retrobulbar haemorrhage (RBH) with orbital compartment syndrome is a sight-threatening ophthalmic emergency requiring treatment with lateral canthotomy and cantholysis (LC/C). However, such cases may present to non-ophthalmic emergency departments (ED) out-of-hours, when specialist intervention is not readily available. We completed a survey of ED physicians to explore experiences of RBH and confidence in undertaking LC/C. METHODS: From February to April 2018, an online survey was sent to ED physicians of all training grades in seven UK locations. The survey comprised a case vignette of a patient presenting with clinical features of RBH with orbital compartment syndrome, with multiple choice questions on the diagnosis, management and onward referral of such cases. Additional questions explored the experience of RBH, LC/C and perspectives on current and future training of ED physicians in this area. RESULTS: 190 ED doctors completed the survey (response rate 70%). While 82.8% correctly diagnosed RBH and 95.7% recognised irreversible visual loss as a consequence of untreated RBH with orbital compartment syndrome, 78.7% indicated that they would initially undertake CT imaging rather than performing LC/C. Only 38.9% had previously encountered a case of RBH and only 37.1% would perform LC/C themselves, with 91.4% indicating that this was due to lack of training. 92.2% felt that more training was required for ED physicians in RBH management and performing LC/C. CONCLUSION: While cases of RBH with orbital compartment syndrome are infrequent, it is important that RBH management with the vital, sight-saving skill of LC/C is added to the United Kingdom Royal College of Emergency Medicine training curriculum. At present, though the majority of ED physicians can identify RBH, the minority are willing or able to undertake LC/C, potentially risking irreversible but avoidable visual loss.

Ligand-Enabled PdII -Catalyzed Iterative γ-C(sp3)-H Arylation of Free Aliphatic Acid.

C-H functionalization of aliphatic carboxylic acids without attaching exogenous auxiliary has been so far limited at the proximal ß-position. In this work, we demonstrate a ligand enabled palladium catalyzed first regioselective distal γ-C(sp3)-H functionalization of aliphatic carboxylic acids without incorporating an exogenous directing group. Aryl iodides containing versatile functional groups including complex organic molecules are well tolerated with good to excellent yields during the γ-C(sp3)-H arylation reaction. Interestingly, weak coordination of carboxylate group can be further extended for sequential hetero di-arylation. Application of the protocol has been showcased by synthesizing substituted α-tetralone. Mechanistic investigations have been carried out to shed light on the reaction pathway.

Iterative Arylation of Amino Acids and Aliphatic Amines via δ-C(sp3 )-H Activation: Experimental and Computational Exploration.

Directed C-H functionalization has been realized as a complementary tool to the traditional approaches for a straightforward access of non-proteinogenic amino acids; albeit such a process is restricted mostly up to the γ-position. In the present work, we demonstrate the diverse (hetero)arylation of amino acids and analogous aliphatic amines selectively at the remote δ-position by tuning the reactivity controlled by ligands. An organopalladium δ-C(sp3 )-H activated intermediate has been isolated and crystallographically characterized. Mechanistic investigations carried out experimentally in conjunction with computational studies shed light on the difference in the mechanistic picture depending on the substrate structure.

An In Vitro Study to Evaluate and Compare the Hemocompatibility of Titanium and Zirconia Implant Materials after Sandblasted and Acid-etched Surface Treatment.

AIM: This study was aimed to investigate the hemocompatibility of zirconia and titanium implant materials after surface treatment with sandblasting and acid etching (SLA). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty specimens were procured from manufacturers of dimension 10mm × 3mm, thirty of each were prefabricated medical grade titanium (Ti-6Al-4V) and thirty of sintered zirconia. Silicon carbide grit papers of 240 to 1200pm, was used to polish the specimen surface. The surfaces were rinsed with water to remove any remnant particles after polishing. Later ultrasonic cleaning was done for 5 minutes using distilled water. The control specimens included 15 specimens each from titanium (groups A1) and zirconia (groups B1). The remaining 15 specimens (groups A2 and B2) were sandblasted using alumina particles of 150 microns particle size and using 20% hydrochloric acid, acid etching was done for 30 seconds. The specimens were scanned under electron microscope after surface treatment for analysis purpose and evaluated for surface characteristics. Before the exposure of specimens to blood, percentage hemolysis, prothrombin, platelet aggregation and activation, and thrombin time values were calculated. one mL of blood was added to each specimen for testing. The values before and after the exposure of specimens to blood were noted. Using a t-test, the values noted were statistically Results: A1 (polished titanium) showed highest mean values after exposure, in platelet count (184.67 ± 1.29), leucocyte count (7.27 ± 0.08), and thrombin time (10.15 ± 0.34) while prothrombin time's highest mean value after exposure were showed by A2 (SLA treated titanium) with a mean value of 10.04 ± 0.24. CONCLUSION: Surface treatment with sandblasting and acid etching (SLA) using 150 microns alumina particles and 20% hydrochloric acid increased the surface roughness of the titanium and zirconia implant materials and polished titanium showed maximum hemocompatibility. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The implant's success depends on its biocompatibility and its property of osseointegration. The adverse interaction between blood and the artificial surface is detected by the hemocompatibility test for medical materials, to know if the surface can activate or destruct the blood components. The success of implant placement also depends on the interaction between the blood and the specimen.

Surgical Management of Cicatricial Ectropion in Pityriasis Rubra Pilaris.

Pityriasis rubra pilaris is an idiopathic, papulosquamous dermatological disease. It is clinically and histologically distinct from, but may resemble, psoriasis. Pityriasis rubra pilaris can be self-limiting but may also run a protracted, relapsing course. Medical treatment may involve topical emollients, systemic retinoids, methotrexate, and/or tumor necrosis factor antagonists. Ocular complications include cicatricial ectropion. The authors describe the surgical management of 3 patients with cicatricial ectropion secondary to pityriasis rubra pilaris. All patients had procedures involving skin grafts; 1 patient required multiple operations. The management principles are discussed, including the role and timing of surgery, within the context of emerging treatments for pityriasis rubra pilaris. Patients with pityriasis rubra pilaris and cicatricial ectropion should be closely managed by both ophthalmologist and dermatologist. The eyelid position may improve with conservative or surgical measures. If surgery is required, the limitations of skin grafting under these circumstances should be anticipated and patients counseled appropriately.

Ocular Findings in Alemtuzumab (Campath-1H)-induced Thyroid Eye Disease.

Alemtuzumab (Campath-1H) is a humanized anti-CD52 monoclonal antibody used in the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS). Studies demonstrate significant reduction in relapse risk and the risk of accumulating sustained disability. Adverse events include infusion-associated reactions, infections, and secondary autoimmunity. Systemic thyroid disease is the most common secondary autoimmune event and affects up to approximately 30% of treated patients. This is the first description of the ocular findings and management in a case of thyroid eye disease (Graves' Ophthalmopathy [GO]) following alemtuzumab therapy. The ocular disease was managed conservatively while the systemic Graves' was managed with thyroidectomy.

Prolonged mydriasis after inadvertent topical administration of the calcium channel antagonist amlodipine: implications for glaucoma drug development.

CONTEXT: Calcium channel inhibitors are being investigated as potential therapeutic adjuncts to reduce painful ciliary muscle spasm and control intraocular pressure in glaucoma. Relatively little is known about the effect of topical administration of calcium channel blockers in humans. OBJECTIVE: (1) To describe prolonged fixed pupil dilation resulting from exposure to topical amlodipine (2) to review the evidence that links calcium channel blockers with mydriasis and (3) to discuss the implications for glaucoma pharmacotherapy. DESIGN: Single interventional case report, literature review (including human and animal studies) and analysis of reported adverse drug reactions (ADRs) records in the USA and UK. CASE: A 35-year-old female doctor presented to eye casualty with blurred vision and bilateral, fixed, dilated pupils. A history of exposure to liquid amlodipine while preparing a paediatric chemotherapy regimen for a neuroblastoma patient was elicited. The patient was reassured and observed. RESULTS: Pupil function returned to normal within 48 h. A multi-national review of adverse drug reactions reports was conducted, as well as an extensive literature search for case reports and experimental studies. To the authors' knowledge this is the first report of amlodipine causing mydriasis and we discuss the potential molecular mechanism. CONCLUSIONS: This case is the first to suggest that calcium channel blockers can cause prolonged mydriasis. These agents have been investigated as potential adjuncts in glaucoma therapy. As accidental topical exposure to amlodipine can cause prolonged pupil dilation, it could precipitate angle closure in predisposed patients.

The versatility of the temporoparietal fascial graft (TPFG) in orbital implant exposure.

BACKGROUND: The use of TPFGs for hydroxyapatite, porous polyethylene and silicone implant exposure has been described previously. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first description of this technique for acrylic implant exposure and paediatric patients. PURPOSE: To demonstrate the versatility of the TPFG in orbital implant exposures of varying duration, implant types and patient age as well as for recurrent exposure. METHODS: Retrospective, interventional, non-comparative case series. RESULTS: Twelve patients (13 grafts) are presented with a mean follow-up of 9.5 months. The duration of exposure prior to grafting ranged from 1-11 months occurring in bioceramic, hydroxyapatite, porous polyethylene and acrylic implant types. There were 2 graft failures (success rate 84.6%), one of which was treated with a 2nd TPFG. Two of the cases were from the paediatric age group. CONCLUSION: This study provides further supporting evidence for the safety and efficacy of the TPFG and demonstrates the use of this graft in a variety of different clinical situations.

Impact of Migraine on Family Members - A Cross-sectional Study in Southern Part of India.

BACKGROUND: Migraine is a disabling primary headache disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of headache. Migraine not only imposes a burden on the sufferer but also imposes a burden on their family members too. A holistic approach is more essential in the management of migraine and family members should also be included in the management of migraine. There are no published studies done in India so far to look for the impact of migraine on partners and adolescent children (IMPAC). This pilot study was done to assess the IMPAC. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to study the IMPAC. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this descriptive study, 130 chronic migraine patients were observed in a row during 9 months. The impact of migraine on family members as well as migraine disability and Migraine-specific Quality of Life (MSQoL) was evaluated using validated questionnaires. RESULTS: One hundred and thirty chronic migraine patients were studied as part of this study. The mean age of the study population was 34.43 ± 9.002 years, and two-third of the participants were female. The majority of the participants had a moderate-to-severe disability due to migraine and had negatively impacted their MSQoL. The impact of migraine on family members was moderate-to-severe grade in most of the participants and affected their family life negatively both with children and spouses. The males were more significantly affected than females in terms of MSQoL, anxiety, depression, and also on migraine's impact on family members. CONCLUSION: Migraine not only affects the sufferers, it also significantly affects their family members.

Résumé Contexte:La migraine est une céphalée primaire invalidante caractérisée par des épisodes récurrents de céphalées. La migraine n'impose pas seulementun fardeau pour la victime, mais impose également un fardeau aux membres de sa famille. Une approche holistique est plus essentielle dans la gestion des la migraine et les membres de la famille doivent également être impliqués dans la prise en charge de la migraine. Il n'existe jusqu'à présent aucune étude publiée en Inde pour rechercher l'impact de la migraine sur les partenaires et les adolescents (IMPAC). Cette étude pilote a été réalisée pour évaluer l'IMPAC.Objectif:L'objectif de l'étude était d'étudier l'IMPAC.Matériels et méthodes:Dans cette étude descriptive, 130 patients migraineux chroniques ont été observés d'affilée pendant 9 mois. L'impact de la migraine sur les membres de la famille ainsi que l'incapacité migraineuse et la qualité de vie spécifique à la migraine (MSQoL) ont été évalués à l'aide de questionnaires validés.Résultats:Cent trente patients migraineux chroniques ont été étudiés dans le cadre de cette étude. L'âge moyen de la population étudiée était de 34,43 ± 9,002 ans et les deux tiers des participants étaient des femmes. La majorité des participants souffraient d'un handicap modéré à sévère dû à une migraine et avaient eu un impact négatif sur leur MSQoL. L'impact de la migraine Les effets sur les membres de la famille étaient modérés à sévères chez la plupart des participants et affectaient négativement leur vie familiale, tant avec les enfants que avec les conjoints. Les hommes ont été plus significativement touchés que les femmes en termes de MSQoL, d'anxiété, de dépression, ainsi que d'impact de la migraine sur les membres de la famille.Conclusion:La migraine n'affecte pas seulement les personnes qui en souffrent, elle affecte également de manière significative les membres de leur famille.

Age changes in horizontal condylar angle: a clinical and cephalometric study.

UNLABELLED: Determination of condylar inclination is important when restoring the occlusal surfaces of teeth. It is important to know the changing trends in horizontal condylar inclination with age so as to have an idea about the cuspal morphology. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: a) to determine the effect of age changes in horizontal condylar inclination using articulator method and radiographic method (cephalometry) b) to compare the values of horizontal condylar inclination obtained using articulator method with that of cephalometric method c) to ascertain the symmetry of horizontal condylar angle on both right and left side on an articulator. 40 dentulous individuals with Angle's class I occlusion were selected for the study. They were divided into four groups Group I: 20-29 years, Group II: 30-39 years, Group III: 40-49 years, Group IV: 50-59 years. Horizontal condylar inclination was determined on right and left side for each individual using protrusive interocclusal record in a Dentatus (ARL) semiadjustable articulator. Cephalometric recording was carried out twice on the left side, once in centric occlusion position and then in protrusive position. The two radiographs were superimposed to draw a line connecting the shifting position of condylion on an acetate tracing paper. This line when joined with Frankfurt horizontal plane gives the horizontal condylar inclination. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that there was a significant difference in horizontal condylar angle values in all the four groups which were statistically significant. There is a decrease in horizontal condylar angle values from Group I to Group IV. Horizontal condylar values obtained by articulator method and cephalometric method showed no significant difference for all the four groups tested. When horizontal condylar values obtained on right and left sides of Dentatus articulator were compared there was not much of a significant difference. Horizontal condylar values showed a decreasing trend with increasing age, i.e, as age advances there is a flattening of condylar head. Both articulator and cephalometric method yielded no significantly different values and hence both the methods can be used for determining condylar inclination. The difference in values of horizontal condylar angle on right and left sides were insignificant.