The medial-central septum based mammaplasty: A reliable technique to preserve nipple-areola complex sensitivity in post bariatric patients.

INTRODUCTION: Massive weight loss is associated with the ptosis of the breast, loss of the upper pole fullness, medialization of the nipples and volume depletion. Post bariatric patients often need breast reshaping with mastopexy or breast reduction. We report the author's experience with the medial central septum based mammoplasty for breast reshaping after massive weight loss. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the records of 85 women who underwent a medial-central septum based mammaplasty, analyzing patients (age, BMI, comorbidities) and operation specific characteristics' (surgical technique, complications) to identify the advantages and the drawbacks of the adopted technique. All the procedures were performed at a single institution by the senior author of this article. RESULTS: 85 patients were included in the review, in total 170 medial-central septum based mammaplasty were performed over a five years period. Early complications, as hematoma and seroma occurred in 2 patients. No total or partial nipple-areola losses were recorded and the viability of the nipple-areola complex (NAC) was excellent in all the treated patients. Sensation was retained in all breasts. Nine patients showed delayed wound healing at the joint of the T scar; in 5 patients we observed spreading scars. CONCLUSION: The medial-central septum based mammaplasty seems to be an effective and safe choice for breast reshaping after massive weight loss, as none of our patients experienced nipple loss and all of them reported good nipple sensation. Moreover, the technique is versatile and can be applied to patients with hypertrophic breasts or gigantomastia.

Lymphatic-venous anastomosis in a rat model: A novel exercise for microsurgical training.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Lymphedema is a condition of localized fluid retention and tissue swelling caused by a compromised lymphatic system. Lymphaticovenular anastomoses (LVA) and multiple lymphatic-venous anastomoses (MLVAs) have been recognized as efficient methods to treat chronic lymphedema. Because few models for lymphatics microsurgical training have been described, the aim of this study is to present a new training model for MLVA in a rat. METHODS: Ten norvegicus rats were used for this study. After a longitudinal xifo-pubic incision, lumbar nodes were injected with blue patent violet (BPV) to identify from two to four lymphatic vessels (LVs). MLVAs were carried out inserting lymphatics into the right lumbar vein. RESULTS: The mean weight of the rats was 511.4 g. The average diameter of the abdominal LVs used for MLVA was 0.26 mm, and the mean size of the right lumbar vein was 0.84 mm. The average time to perform MLVA was 49.8 minutes. Anastomosis patency rate was 70% based on the passage of BPV from the lymphatics into the vein. CONCLUSIONS: The rat is still a feasible resource to train microsurgeons, and the MLVA model proposed is simple and reliable and could be very useful for microsurgeon training.

Long-Term Outcomes of Arthroscope-Assisted Bone-Ligament-Bone Reconstruction for Nonstatic Scapholunate Ligament Injury.

BACKGROUND: Scapholunate ligament injury is the most common cause of carpal instability. This retrospective case series aimed to assess the effectiveness and the maintenance of the results obtained by reconstructing the scapholunate ligament with a bone-ligament-bone autograft through an arthroscope-assisted minimally invasive approach. METHODS: Thirty-six patients were enrolled initially but only 31 constituted the final population study (23 male, eight female; median age, 38 years; age range, 18 to 55 years). Radiographic (posteroanterior and true lateral radiographs to assess the scapholunate gap, radiolunate, and capitolunate angles; computed tomographic scan; magnetic resonance images), functional [grip strength (Jamar test and pinch test), active range of motion], and subjective (patient-rated wrist evaluation test) outcome measurements were collected. Minimum follow-up was 50 months. RESULTS: Grip strength and wrist mobility were significantly improved from the preoperative values and improved over time. No scapholunate synostosis or carpal bone necrosis was observed. No wrist showed any sign of arthrosis or progression towards wrist instability. Only four patients had scapholunate gap greater than 3 mm. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed technique for scapholunate reconstruction, providing a biologic reconstruction of both the volar and dorsal portion of the scapholunate ligament and avoiding extensive capsulotomy, obtained significant functional outcomes improvement that was maintained over time and prevented degenerative changes to the articular surfaces. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic, IV.

Dual plane breast implant reconstruction in large sized breasts: How to maximise the result following first stage total submuscular expansion.

INTRODUCTION: Women who were good candidates for a skin reducing mastectomy, but were instead treated with a skin-sparing mastectomy and reconstruction with expanders, show discrepancy of volume and form between the healthy breast (voluminous and ptotic) and the expanded mastectomy envelope and muscle, which has a smaller size as well as excessive amount of skin at the lower pole. METHODS: From January 2014 to March 2015, we recruited 18 women with breasts of medium to large volume and with moderate to severe ptosis, already treated at a different centre with a one-side mastectomy and reconstruction by means of an expander. These women were treated at our unit for the second reconstructive step with a dual plane technique and a contralateral reduction/mastopexy. RESULTS: The minimum duration of follow-up was 2 years (range 24-30 months). The average volume of the implants was 613 g. The reconstructive outcome at the final follow-up (at least 24 months) was judged by the specialist as excellent in 5 cases, very good in 10 cases and good in 3 cases. Breast Q average score was 87.08. DISCUSSION: The disinsertion of the expanded muscle dome and the use of a dual plane technique for the placement of the definitive implant provide a solution to the skin-volume mismatch problem. The subcutaneous placement of the implant at the level of the lower pole extends the excessive amount of skin and gives the reconstructed breast fullness and natural ptosis. Further validation of our results is needed.

Breast cancer cutaneous metastases mimicking Papilloma Cutis Lymphostatica. Biopsy to avoid pitfalls.

INTRODUCTION: Secondary lymphedema is the most frequent long-term complication of axillary lymphadenectomy. It can result in complication as erysipelas, warts, Papilloma Cutis Lymphostatica (PCL), or angiosarcomas. Moreover, in women affected by breast cancer an accurate differential diagnosis among these conditions or complication related to radiation dermatitis or cutaneous metastasis is essential. PRESENTATION OF CASE: We report the case of a 60-year-old postmenopausal Caucasian woman affected by secondary lymphedema following complete mastectomy for breast cancer. The patient after surgery was treated with radiotherapy, chemotherapy and hormone therapy, developing a lympedema of left arm after few months. These lesions had clinical typical features of PCL, but histopathological analysis revealed dermo-hypodermic metastasis of breast carcinoma. DISCUSSION: The presence of skin lesions in secondary lymphedema after oncological lymphadenectomy requires an accurate differential diagnosis. In fact, these lesions can emulate degenerative or infective skin diseases; anyway, in patients affected by secondary lymphedema other less common conditions - as PLC, nodular-type lichen myxedematosus or Gottron's carcinoid papillomatosis - should be taken into account. CONCLUSION: Our case reports the possibility that metastases of breast cancer might also mimic these conditions.

Surgical management of tumor-positive interval node in melanoma patients: An observational study.

The presence of interval nodes (IN) in melanoma is testified in several studies and sometimes these lymph nodes can contain metastatic disease. Currently there are no guidelines about the management of patients with tumor-positive INs.We enrolled all patients affected by melanoma who underwent sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) in a single institution. All patients with tumor-positive IN underwent the lymphadenectomy of the subsequent draining lymphatic field. Prognosis of IN+-patients was compared with subjects with positive SLNB in usual field through Kaplan-Meier and multivariate Cox regression analysis.Overall 596 subjects underwent lymphoscintigraphy and one or more INs were identified in 94 (15.8%) patients. The mean number of sentinel lymph nodes (SNs) identified per patient was significantly higher in patients with INs. Macrometastasis were more common in patients with INs. Matched pair analysis testified a statistically significant better prognosis in patients with positive-INs when compared with patients with positive SNs in usual side with the same demographic and clinical characteristics. These findings were confirmed both in analysis of 10-year recurrence-free period, then in 10-years overall survival analysis.Lymphadenectomy of the lymphatic draining field beyond positive-IN testify has proved to be a safe procedure that may improve prognosis in melanoma patients with tumor-positive INs. The better prognosis of patients with tumor-positive INs undergoing lymphadenectomy may be justified by the earlier treatment of lymphatic metastases. Further multicentric comparative studies are needed to evaluate possible impact of this procedure on prognosis of melanoma patients.

Abdominoplasty with "Scarpa Fascia" preservation: Case Report.

INTRODUCTION: Abdominoplasty is one of the most performed operations in Plastic Surgery in the world. Postoperative seroma is one of the most frequently cited complications in literature. The aim of this study is to propose our experience with abdominoplasty with Scarpa Fascia preservationand compare it with recent scientific literature. PRESENTATION OF CASE: We present the case of a 55-year-old woman underwent bariatric surgery in 2014, after which she lost 55kg of weight. We decided to perform an abdominoplasty with transposition of the umbilicus and preservation of the Scarpa Fascia. In fact, this technique seems to have a positive impact on reducing seroma formation, reducing the amount of drained fluids and the drainage time. DISCUSSION: The saving of the adipose-fascial layer according to different Authors would allow the reduction of the volume of drained fluid, of the time spent by the drains and the average hospital stay. CONCLUSION: The abdominoplasty with the Scarpa Fascia preservation is a safe, repeatable technique with good aesthetic results. The saving of deep adipose tissue allows to reduce the time and the quantity of drained liquids. In our experience patient undergoing this technique has shorter hospital stays with no complications.

Single-stage excision and sentinel lymph node biopsy in cutaneous melanoma in selected patients: a retrospective case-control study.

Sometimes, diagnostic excision of a primary melanoma would already necessitate skin grafting or transposition skin flaps, especially in areas with an esthetic or functional importance. The utility of sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) after skin reconstruction is controversial. We carried out a single-institution retrospective case-control study. In patients with a wide primary lesion at high clinical-dermatoscopic suspicion for invasive melanoma in anatomical region in which a reconstruction with a skin graft or a flap is required, we proposed the performance of a confocal microscopy examination and an incisional biopsy of the primary lesion. If these diagnostic methodologies confirmed the suspicion of melanoma, lymphatic mapping was performed before the wide excision (WE) of the primary lesion, and WE and SLNB were performed during the same operative procedure. The database evaluation showed 496 patients who had undergone a previous complete local excision and a subsequent SLNB (two-stage group), whereas 61 patients underwent WE and SLNB during the same surgical time (one-stage group). Histological results of the excisional biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of melanoma in all patients of the one-stage group. The false-negative rate was lower in the one-stage group (5.5%) than in the two-stage group (16.7%). Patients of the two groups showed a similar recurrence-free and overall survival period even when corrected for clinic-demographical variables. The concomitant execution of SLNB and WE after confocal microscopy examination and incisional biopsy appears to be a safe and accurate procedure in patients with a wide primary melanoma that requires a skin flaps or a skin graft to cover the residual defect.

A large metastatic intramammary lesion of an occult melanoma.

OBJECTIVE: Malignant melanomas presenting with unknown primaries are uncommon. In the majority of cases metastases of occult melanoma were detected in skin or in lymph nodes. Melanoma can rarely occur as a primary or metastatic intramammary tumor. CASE REPORT: We report the case of a 58-year-old Caucasian woman who came to our department with a voluminous mass in her right breast. Histopathological examination found metastasis of epithelioid melanoma with unknown primary lesion. Our patient underwent a radical enlarged mastectomy, but due to the extension a radical removal was not possible. DISCUSSION: In 2.2% of cases, melanoma may present with a metastasis without an identifiable primary lesion; this case should be considered a stage IV melanoma (Tx; N1; M1) due to the extension of the lesion and the infiltration of adjacent structures. CONCLUSIONS: In literature, the presence of a breast metastasis of melanoma with unknown primary origin was reported just in one case. The execution of histopathological analysis is mandatory for a correct differential diagnosis with primary carcinoma of the breast. Palliative metastasectomy should be discussed with multidisciplinary melanoma board. KEY WORDS: Breast metastases, Metastatic melanoma, Unknown primary site.