RESUMEN
Substances with modulatory capabilities on certain aspects of human cognition have been revered as nootropics from the dawn of time. The plant kingdom provides most of the currently available nootropics of natural origin. Here, in this systematic review, we aim to provide state-of-the-art information regarding proven and unproven effects of plant-derived nootropics (PDNs) on human cognition in conditions of health and disease. Six independent searches, one for each neurocognitive domain (NCD), were performed in parallel using three independent scientific library databases: PubMed, Cochrane and Scopus. Only scientific studies and systematic reviews with humans published between January 2000 and November 2021 were reviewed, and 256 papers were included. Ginkgo biloba was the most relevant nootropic regarding perceptual and motor functions. Bacopa monnieri improves language, learning and memory. Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) modulates anxiety and social-related cognitions. Caffeine enhances attention and executive functions. Together, the results from the compiled studies highlight the nootropic effects and the inconsistencies regarding PDNs that require further research.Supplemental data for this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2021.2021137.
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Nootrópicos , Humanos , Nootrópicos/farmacología , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Cognición , FitoterapiaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine the relation between titres of anti-Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) antibody and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) HLA-DRB1 susceptibility region associated with shared epitope (SE) using the Gregersen's and de Vries's classification methods. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, results of immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) and immunoglobulin G2 (IgG2) anti-P. gingivalis antibodies, anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA), diagnosis for RA, and periodontal disease (PD), and a genetic study of the HLA DRB1 region were obtained from 50 patients with RA and 50 control individuals. RESULTS: Anti-P. gingivalis antibody levels and PD parameters were similar in control and RA groups. Anti-P. gingivalis antibodies were not associated with SE or ACPA. There was no association between ACPA and SE. However, de Vries' classification in RA patients revealed an association between the HLA DRB1 neutral alleles and higher titres of anti-P. gingivalis antibodies as follows: IgG1 anti-P. gingivalis ≥ 1:400 (p = .039); IgG2 anti-P. gingivalis ≥ 1:400 with neutral/neutral genotype (N/N), being exclusive for RA (p = .008); and IgG2 anti-P. gingivalis ≥ 1:200 and N/N (p = .016). CONCLUSIONS: Although no association was found between SE and anti-P. gingivalis antibodies; according to the de Vries' classification, there was an existing association between HLA DRB1 neutral alleles, with high titres of IgG anti-P.gingivalis antibodies for RA, focussing on novel associations between P.gingivalis and RA.
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Artritis Reumatoide , Porphyromonas gingivalis , Alelos , Artritis Reumatoide/diagnóstico , Artritis Reumatoide/genética , Autoanticuerpos , Estudios Transversales , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad , Cadenas HLA-DRB1/genética , Humanos , Péptidos CíclicosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to identify the molecular mechanism of curcumin on periodontitis based on a pharmacological network strategy. METHODS: The potential therapeutic targets of curcumin and differentially expressed genes in periodontitis were identified. Subsequently, we extracted the molecules in common and analyzed them. A metabolic pathway enrichment and gene ontology analysis were performed and the protein-protein interaction network was inferred. These analyses allowed the identification of key proteins. Finally, a molecular docking of the main key proteins was performed with curcumin. RESULTS: Our results showed that 55 genes are differentially expressed in periodontitis and are potential targets of curcumin. In addition, we observed that these genes participate in cell motility and immune response and are related to chemokine receptors (CXCRs) and enzymatic activity, such as arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase (ALOX5). We identified six key proteins, IL1B, CXCL8, CD44, MMP2, EGFR, and ITGAM; molecular docking revealed that these six proteins spontaneously bind to curcumin. CONCLUSION: The results of this study helps us understand the molecular mechanism of curcumin in periodontitis. We propose that curcumin affects proinflammatory cytokines, ALOX5, and cell migration through chemokine receptors and acts on the cell membrane. Additionally, we identified six key proteins that are essential in this mechanism, all of which spontaneously bind to curcumin.
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Curcumina , Periodontitis , Humanos , Curcumina/farmacología , Curcumina/uso terapéutico , Simulación del Acoplamiento Molecular , Periodontitis/tratamiento farmacológico , Periodontitis/genética , Membrana Celular , Receptores de QuimiocinaRESUMEN
Introduction: The most important genetic association in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is presented with some alleles from the HLA-DRB1 gene that encode the shared epitope (SE). Objectives: To apply the SE classification methods of Gregersen, de Vries, Raychaudhuri, Mattey, and Tezenas du Montcel in a group of Colombian patients with RA and determine the most common HLA-DRB1 alleles in the population. Methods: RA diagnosis, genetic study of the HLA-DRB1 region using Luminex technology in 50 RA and 50 healthy subjects. For the classification analysis, Fisher's exact test and chi-squared test were applied. Tables were created to count the RA-related alleles. We used odds ratio to determine the risk between the presence of the shared epitope (SE) and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptides (Anti-CCP). Results: Gregersen and de Vries methods were suitable for the characterization of RA in this population (p = .006). The most prevalent HLA-DRB1 alleles in the RA group were 14:02,04:04, 08:02,04:05, and 10:01. High frequencies of the 07:01, 03:01,13:02,01:02, and 12:01 HLA-DRB1 alleles were found in the healthy population. HLA-DRB1 alleles with similar distribution in both populations were 04:07, 15:01, 11:01, 16:02, and 01:01. A high frequency of SE + was observed in Anti-CCP + individuals (63.15%); however, this was not statistically significant [OR2.4 (.63-9.01); p = .19]. Conclusion: The SE classification methods of Gregersen and de Vries were adequate in characterizing RA in a Colombian population group. An equivalence of 100% was verified between the susceptibility alleles defined by de Vries and the alleles assigned as SE according to Gregersen.
Introducción: La asociación genética más importante en artritis reumatoide (AR) se presenta con algunos alelos del gen HLA DRB1 que codifican el epítope compartido (EC). Objetivos: Aplicar los métodos de clasificación de EC de Gregersen et al., de Vries et al., Raychaudhuri et al., Mattey et al., y Tezenas du Montcel et al., en un grupo de pacientes colombianos con AR, y determinar los alelos HLA DRB1 más frecuentes en esta población. Métodos: Diagnóstico para AR, estudio genético de la región HLA DRB1 por tecnología Luminex® de 50 sujetos AR y 50 sanos. Para análisis comparativos de clasificaciones EC, se aplicaron las pruebas test exacto de Fisher y Chi-cuadrado y se realizaron tablas de conteos para los alelos relacionados con AR. Se estimó la razón de odds para determinar el riesgo entre la presencia de EC y los anticuerpos antipéptidos cíclicos citrulinados (anti-PCC). Resultados: Los métodos de Gregersen et al. y de Vries et al. fueron adecuados para la caracterización de AR en esta población (p = 0,006). Los alelos HLA DRB1 más prevalentes en el grupo AR fueron 14:02, 04:04, 08:02, 04:05 y 10:01. Se encontraron altas frecuencias de los alelos HLA DRB1 07:01, 03:01,13:02, 01:02 y 12:01 en población sana. Alelos HLA DRB1 con distribución similar en ambas poblaciones fueron: 04:07, 15:01, 11:01, 16:02 y 01:01. Se observó alta frecuencia de individuos EC+ en el grupo AR anti-PCC+ (63,15%); no obstante, sin asociación estadística (OR: 2,4 [0,63-9,01]; p = 0,19). Conclusión: Los métodos de clasificación para EC de Gregersen et al. y de Vries et al. fueron adecuados caracterizando AR en un grupo de población colombiana. Se corroboró equivalencia del 100% entre los alelos de susceptibilidad definidos por de Vries y los alelos asignados como EC según Gregersen et al.
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Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Adulto , Persona de Mediana Edad , Anciano , Artritis Reumatoide , Factores Biológicos , Enfermedades Musculoesqueléticas , Artropatías , Epítopos , AntígenosRESUMEN
Objetivo: analizar la relación entre Porphyromonas gingivalis y diabetes mellitus tipo 2, mediante una revisión sistemática exploratoria de la literatura científica publicada entre los años 2000 y 2019. Métodos: se utilizaron los siguientes términos MeSH: Porphyromonas gingivalis, diabetes mellitus type 2, periodontal disease, non insulin dependent diabetes. Se obtuvieron 346 resultados, de los cuales se seleccionaron 41 por título, se excluyeron 11 posterior a la lectura del abstract e introducción y 19 después de la lectura del texto completo. Finalmente, se incluyeron 11 artículos. Resultados: el lipopolisacárido de Porphyromonas gingivalis y su fimbria tipo II se relacionan con una mayor producción de citoquinas proinflamatorias como IL-6 y TNF-α, las cuales afectan las vías de señalización de la glucosa y se relacionan con insulinoresistencia. La dipeptidil peptidasa 4 de Porphyromonas gingivalis puede participar en la degradación de incretinas, lo cual afecta la producción de insulina en el huésped y promueve estados de hiperglicemia. El interactoma de Porphyromonas gingivalis puede superponerse con genes involucrados en resistencia a la insulina y diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Conclusión: según la evidencia científica publicada existen factores de virulencia y mecanismos por los cuales la Porphyromonas gingivalis influye en el desarrollo de insulinorresistencia y diabetes mellitus tipo 2.
Objective: To analyze the relationship between Porphyromonas gingivalis and Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 by reviewing the scientific literature published between 2000 and 2019. Methods: The following MeSH terms were used: Porphyromonas gingivalis, Diabetes Mellitus type 2, periodontal disease, non-insulin dependent diabetes. We obtained 346 results, of which 41 were selected by title, 11 were excluded after reading the abstract and introduction and 19 after reading the full text. Finally, 11 articles were included. Results: Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide and its type II fimbria are associated with increased production of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and TNF-α, which affect glucose signaling pathways and are related to insulin resistance. Porphyromonas gingivalis dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (PgDPP4) may participate in incretin degradation which affects host insulin production and promotes hyperglycemic states. The Porphyromonas gingivalis interactome may overlap with genes involved in insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Conclusion: According to published scientific evidence, there are virulence factors and mechanisms by which Porphyromonas gingivalis influences the development of insulin resistance and type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.