Moderate-to-Vigorous Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior: Independent Associations With Body Composition Variables in Brazilian Children.

This study aimed to analyze the independent associations of accelerometer-determined sedentary behavior, physical activity, and steps/day with body composition variables in Brazilian children. 485 children wore accelerometers for 7 days. Variables included time in sedentary behavior and different physical activity intensities (light, moderate, vigorous, or moderate-to-vigorous) and steps/day. Body fat percentage was measured using a bioelectrical impedance scale, and BMI was calculated. Children spent 55.7% of the awake portion of the day in sedentary behavior, 37.6% in light physical activity, 4.6% in moderate physical activity, and 1.9% in vigorous physical activity. Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and steps/day were negatively associated with body composition (BMI and body fat percentage) variables, independent of sex and sedentary behavior. Beta values were higher for vigorous physical activity than moderate physical activity. Vigorous physical activity was negatively associated with BMI (ß-.1425) and body fat percentage (ß-.3082; p < .0001). In boys, there were significant negative associations between moderate, vigorous, and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and steps/day with body composition, and in girls, there was only a negative association with vigorous physical activity, independent of sedentary behavior. Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and steps/day (in boys), but especially vigorous physical activity (in boys and girls), are associated with body composition, independent of sedentary behavior. Sedentary behavior was not related with any of the body composition variables once adjusted for moderate-to-vigorous physical activity.

Joint Association between Sedentary Time and Moderate-to-Vigorous Physical Activity with Obesity Risk in Adults from Latin America.

Recent studies have shown various relationships between physical activity and the incidence of obesity, but this study critically explored the association of sedentary time (ST) and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) with obesity risk in adults from eight Latin American countries. ST and MVPA were assessed with accelerometers and stratified into 16 joint categories. Multivariate logistic regression models were used. The obesity risk indicators evaluated were body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and neck circumference (NC). Quartile 4 of ST and ≥300 min/week of MVPA was associated with lower odds of BMI compared to quartile 1 of ST and ≥300 min/week of MVPA. Quartile 1 of ST and 150-299 min/week of MVPA, quartile 1 of ST and 76-149 min/week MVPA, quartile 3 of ST and 76-149 min/week MVPA, and quartiles 1, 2, and 3 of ST with 0-74 min/week MVPA were associated with higher odds of high WC compared to quartile 1 of ST and ≥300 min/week of MVPA. Quartile 3 of ST and 150-299 min/week of MVPA, quartiles 1 and 3 of ST and 76-149 min/week of MVPA, and quartile 1 of ST and 0-74 min/week MVPA were associated with higher NC compared to quartile 1 of ST and ≥300 min/week of MVPA. This study suggests that achieving the MVPA recommendations will likely protect against obesity, regardless of ST.

[Association between the consumption of breakfast and the recommendation of physical activity and the nutritional status in children]. / Associação entre o consumo de café da manhã com a recomendação de atividade física e o estado nutricional em crianças.

The scope of this article is to associate breakfast consumption (BC) with moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) intensity and the nutritional status of children aged 9-11. The sample consisted of 432 children from São Caetano do Sul participating in the International Study of Childhood Obesity Lifestyle and the Environment. Data were collected between 2012 and 2013. The weekly BC was obtained using the self-reported method. To measure MVPA, children used accelerometers and were classified into two groups (<60 versus ≥60 min/day). The nutritional status was presented by body mass index (BMI). Logistic regression models were used, adjusted for gender, age, race, parental educational level and eating score. The mean BC was 5.25 (CI95%: 5.1-5.4) days/week and the MVPA was 59.29 (CI95%: 57.3-61.7) min/day. In the total sample, 55.8% of the children did not perform ≥60 min/day of MVPA and 50.2% were overweight or obese. The daily BC was not associated with MVPA, however, it reduced the odds of children being overweight or obese (OR: 0.51; CI95%: 0.34-0.76; p=0.001). Daily BC reduced the odds of excess weight or obesity in children, though it did not increase the chances of children meeting the recommendations of MVPA. Public policies should encourage daily BC to prevent excess weight or obesity.

O objetivo deste artigo é associar o consumo do café da manhã (CM) com atividade física de moderada à vigorosa (AFMV) e estado nutricional de crianças entre 9 e 11 anos. A amostra foi composta por 432 crianças de São Caetano do Sul participantes do International Study of Childhood Obesity Lifestyle and the Environment. Os dados foram coletados entre 2012-2013. O consumo do CM semanal foi obtido pelo método autorreferido. Para mensuração da AFMV, as crianças utilizaram acelerômetro e foram classificadas em dois grupos (<60 versus ≥60 min/dia). O estado nutricional foi apresentado pelo Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC). Foram utilizados modelos de regressão logística. A média do consumo de CM foi de 5,25 (IC95%: 5,1-5,4) dias/sem e da AFMV foi de 59,29 (IC95%: 57,3-61,7) min/dia. No total, 55,8% das crianças não realizavam ≥60 min/dia de AFMV e 50,2% apresentavam excesso de peso ou obesidade. O consumo diário do CM não se associou com a AFMV, porém, diminuiu o risco de terem excesso de peso ou obesidade (OR: 0,51; IC95%: 0,34-0,76; p=0,001). O consumo diário do CM reduziu as chances de excesso de peso ou obesidade em crianças, mas não aumentou a chance das crianças cumprirem as recomendações de AFMV. Politicas públicas devem incentivar o consumo diário do CM para assim prevenir o excesso de peso ou obesidade.

LIFESTYLE AND ANTHROPOMETRIC INDICATORS HAVE GREATER ASSOCIATIONS WITH STEPS/DAY IN BOYS THAN IN GIRLS.

OBJECTIVE: To verify the association of lifestyle, anthropometric, sociodemographic, family and school environment indicators with the number of steps/day in children. METHODS: The sample consisted of 334 children (171 boys) from nine to 11 years old. Participants used the Actigraph GT3X accelerometer to monitor the number of steps/day, moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and sedentary time (ST) for seven consecutive days. Height, body weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and body fat were also measured. Lifestyle indicators such as diet, environment, neighborhood, and parental schooling level were obtained with questionnaires. For the identification of variables associated to the number of steps/day, multiple linear regression models were used. RESULTS: The mean steps/day of boys and girls were statistically different (10,471 versus 8,573; p<001). Among boys, the variables associated to the number of steps/day were: MVPA (ß=0.777), ST (ß=-0.131), BMI (ß=-0.135), WC (ß=-0.117), and BF (ß=-0.127). Among girls, the variables associated to the number of steps/day were: MVPA (ß=0.837), ST (ß=-0.112), and parents' educational level (ß=0.129). CONCLUSIONS: Lifestyle indicators, body composition variables and parental educational level influence the number of steps/day of children, and MVPA and ST are common for both sexes.

NUTRITIONAL STATUS, PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, SEDENTARY BEHAVIOR, DIET, AND LIFESTYLE IN CHILDHOOD: AN ANALYSIS OF RESPIRATORY DISEASES IN ADOLESCENCE.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between nutritional status, physical activity, sedentary behavior, diet, and lifestyle in childhood with respiratory diseases during adolescence. METHODS: Prospective study conducted in São Caetano do Sul, São Paulo - Brazil, as part of the International Study of Childhood Obesity, Lifestyle and the Environment (ISCOLE). During childhood, indicators of lifestyle (body composition, physical activity, sedentary behavior, diet) and family environment were measured in 2012 and 2013. After five years, participants answered the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) questionnaire for the diagnosis of respiratory diseases (asthma and/or rhinitis). Analyses were determined by logistic regression. RESULTS: A total of 168 schoolchildren (56% boys) were evaluated, and the prevalence of asthma and rhinitis accounted for 15.5 and 25.6%, respectively. Whole milk consumption (Odds Ratio [OR]=1.24; 95% confidence interval [95%CI] 1.03-1.49), having a television in the bedroom (OR=0.29; 95%CI 0.12-0.71), and attending physical education classes ≥2 times/week (OR=0.30; 95%CI 0.11-0.81) in childhood were associated with the presence of asthma in adolescence. Factors significantly associated with rhinitis were as follows: female participants (OR=2.45; 95%CI 1.20-4.98) and whole milk consumption (OR=1.21; 95%CI 1.04-1.40). CONCLUSIONS: Higher consumption of whole milk, not having a television in the bedroom, few physical education classes, and being a girl were factors associated with respiratory diseases. Public policies should be directed toward a healthier lifestyle and the prevention of respiratory diseases.

Associação de dinapenia, sarcopenia, aptidão física e capacidade funcional em adultos fisicamente ativos no Brasil

Contexto e objetivo: O envelhecimento está associado a diversas alterações fisiológicas que podem afetar a aptidão física e a capacidade funcional, como a sarcopenia e a dinapenia. O presente estudo teve como objetivo descrever e comparar aspectos físicos e funcionais de adultos em relação aos critérios de sarcopenia e dinapenia. Desenho e local: Os participantes faziam parte do Projeto Misto Longitudinal de Aptidão Física e Capacidade Funcional de São Caetano do Sul, que busca avaliar e acompanhar a saúde e o desempenho físico de idosos na região. A amostra foi composta por 1480 participantes com idade acima de 50 anos e média de 66,5 anos. Métodos: Para a classificação da sarcopenia e dinapenia, foram adotados os critérios do Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia e do European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People. Uma análise estatística foi realizada utilizando a análise de covariância ANCOVA não paramétrica, ajustada pelo sexo, idade e índice de massa corporal (IMC), buscando comparar a capacidade funcional entre os grupos. Foi adotado um nível de significância de P < 0,05 e o software utilizado para as análises foi o SPSS versão 25. Resultados: A prevalência de sarcopenia na amostra foi de 3% e de dinapenia, 62,3%. Foram identificadas diferenças estatisticamente significativas nas variáveis de aptidão física e capacidade funcional. Conclusão: A massa muscular isoladamente pode não ser um critério adequado para definir sarcopenia em adultos, pela não-linearidade da relação entre massa muscular e capacidade físico-funcional.

Questionnaire-Based Prevalence of Physical Activity Level on Adults According to Different International Guidelines: Impact on Surveillance and Policies.

BACKGROUND: The World Health Organization recommends 150 minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity (PA) throughout the week. However, the weekly frequency of PA and how to combine moderate and vigorous PA to define who reaches the recommended PA are controversial. PA level might be highly different based on the recommendation and/or the criteria employed. METHODS: Demographic data and PA level evaluated by International Physical Activity Questionnaire from 3 random and representative samples from 1 state, 1 city, and 1 local organization in Brazil were analyzed (n = 2961). Nine criteria from different recommendations were used to define PA level. Prevalence estimates and 95% confidence intervals of sufficient PA were calculated for each criterion and compared with the referent (World Health Organization guideline). Total agreement, sensitivity, and specificity were also calculated with 95% confidence interval. RESULTS: When a weekly frequency of PA was required, the prevalence of sufficient PA decreased by 11% (P < .05). For all criteria, doubling the vigorous PA minutes was similar to simply adding them to moderate PA. These findings are consistent regardless of sex, age, and educational level. CONCLUSION: Prevalence estimates and agreement between different PA recommendations were significantly affected when a minimum frequency was required but did not change when vigorous PA minutes were doubled.

Tracking de 10 anos da aptidão física e capacidade funcional de mulheres adultas praticantes de atividade física / 10-Year tracking of fitness and functional capacity of adult women practicing physical activity of physical activity

Contexto e objetivo: Diversos benefícios são advindos da prática da atividade física durante o envelhecimento, porém poucos são os achados que apresentem os dados ao longo do tempo. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a estabilidade das variáveis da aptidão física e capacidade funcional de mulheres adultas praticantes de atividade física em um período de 10 anos. Desenho e local: Estudo longitudinal com mulheres de São Caetano do Sul. Métodos: A amostra foi composta por 157 mulheres com idade entre 45 e 86 anos (65,7 ± 6,7), analisadas em quatro intervalos de tempo: baseline, 6, 8 e 10 anos, todas praticantes de atividade física. A avaliação incluiu variáveis antropométricas, neuromotoras e de capacidade funcional. A análise estatística utilizada foi o teste t de Student, correlação de Spearman Rho e delta percentual. O nível de significância adotado foi de P < 0,01. Resultados: Os resultados apresentaram correlações de estabilidade alta e significante (rho = 0,64 a 0,87) nos três grupos nas variáveis índice de massa corporal, adiposidade, força de membros superiores, flexibilidade e agilidade. O acompanhamento de 6 a 10 anos evidenciou diferenças significantes de força de membros superiores, inferiores, agilidade e equilíbrio, sendo expressa pela redução da força de membros superiores de 8% a 13%, força de membros inferiores de 18% a 21%, agilidade de 18% a 19% e equilíbrio de 28% a 34%. Conclusão: Houve estabilidade das variáveis antropométricas, neuromotoras, capacidade funcional e equilíbrio de mulheres adultas praticantes de atividade física, mesmo apresentando redução significativa nas variáveis citadas anteriormente.

Overweight, obesity, steps, and moderate to vigorous physical activity in children.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to establish cutoff points for the number of steps/day and minutes/day of moderate to vigorous physical activity in relation to the risk of childhood overweight and obesity and their respective associations. In addition, we aim to identify the amount of steps/day needed to achieve the recommendation of moderate to vigorous physical activity in children from São Caetano do Sul. METHODS: In total, 494 children have used an accelerometer to monitor steps/day and the intensity of physical activity (min/day). The moderate to vigorous physical activity has been categorized according to the public health recommendation (≤ 60 versus > 60 min/day). Overweight or obesity is defined as body mass index > +1 SD, based on reference data from the World Health Organization. The data on family income, education of parents, screen time, diet pattern, and sedentary time have been collected by questionnaires. Logistic regression and Receiver Operating Characteristic curves have been constructed. RESULTS: On average, boys walked more steps/day (1,850) and performed more min/day of moderate to vigorous physical activity (23.1) than girls. Overall, 51.4% of the children have been classified as eutrophic and 48.6% as overweight or obese. Eutrophic boys walked 1,525 steps/day and performed 18.6 minutes/day more of moderate to vigorous physical activity than those with overweight/obesity (p < 0.05). The same has not been found in girls (p > 0.05). The cutoff points to prevent overweight and obesity in boys and girls were 10,500 and 8,500 steps/day and 66 and 46 min/day of moderate to vigorous physical activity, respectively. The walking of 9,700 steps/day for boys and 9,400 steps/day for girls ensures the scope of the recommendation of moderate to vigorous physical activity. CONCLUSIONS: In boys, steps/day and moderate to vigorous physical activity have been negatively associated with body mass index, regardless of race, family income, education of parents, screen time, diet pattern, and sedentary time. We suggest, for steps/day and moderate to vigorous physical activity, studies with different ages and populations, with different designs, so as to inform the cause and effect relationship with various health parameters. OBJETIVO: Estabelecer pontos de corte para o número de passos/dia e min/dia de atividade física com intensidade moderada a vigorosa em relação ao risco do excesso de peso e obesidade infantil e suas respectivas associações. Além de identificar a quantidade de passos/dia necessários para atingir a recomendação de atividade física de moderada a vigorosa em crianças de São Caetano do Sul. MÉTODOS: No total, 494 crianças usaram acelerômetro para monitorar os passos/dia e a intensidade da atividade física (min/dia). A atividade física de moderada a vigorosa foi categorizada de acordo com a recomendação de saúde pública (≤ 60 versus > 60 min/dia). Excesso de peso ou obesidade foi definido como índice de massa corporal > +1 DP, com base nos dados de referência da Organização Mundial de Saúde. Renda familiar, escolaridade dos pais, tempo de tela, padrão de dieta, e tempo sedentário foram coletados por questionários. Foram construídas curvas Receiver Operating Characteristic e regressão logística. RESULTADOS: Em média, os meninos realizaram mais passos/dia (1.850) e min/dia de atividade física de moderada a vigorosa (23,1) do que as meninas. No geral, 51,4% das crianças foram classificadas como eutróficas e 48,6% com excesso de peso ou obesidade. Meninos eutróficos realizavam 1.525 passos/dia e 18,6 min/dia de atividade física de moderada a vigorosa a mais do que aqueles com excesso de peso/obesidade (p < 0,05). O mesmo não foi encontrado nas meninas (p > 0,05). Os pontos de corte para evitar excesso de peso e obesidade nos meninos e meninas foram 10.500 e 8.500 passos/dia e 66 e 46 min/dia de atividade física de moderada a vigorosa, respectivamente. A realização de 9.700 passos/dia (meninos) e 9.400 passos/dia (meninas) garante o alcance da recomendação de atividade física de moderada a vigorosa. CONCLUSÕES: Nos meninos, passos/dia e atividade física de moderada a vigorosa foram negativamente associados com o índice de massa corporal, independentemente da raça, renda familiar, escolaridade dos pais, tempo de tela, padrão de dieta e tempo sedentário. Sugere-se para passos/dia e atividade física de moderada a vigorosa, estudos em diversas idades e populações, com diferentes delineamentos, para assim informar a relação causa e efeito com diversos parâmetros de saúde.

Fatores associados à baixa capacidade funcional em idosos institucionalizados: um estudo transversal / Factors associated with low functional capacity in institutionalized elderly: a cross-sectional study

Contexto: Há alta prevalência de dependência funcional entre os idosos institucionalizados, entretanto, poucos estudos utilizaram testes de desempenho físico para mensurar a capacidade funcional do idoso. Objetivo: Analisar a prevalência e os fatores associados à baixa capacidade funcional em idosos institucionalizados. Tipo de estudo e local: Estudo transversal, com amostra por conveniência composta por 153 idosos residentes de seis instituições de longa permanência filantrópica do município de São Caetano do Sul. Métodos: Para determinar a escala de capacidade funcional, foi utilizada a circunferência da perna, flexão de cotovelo, velocidade de andar e marcha estacionária. As variáveis independentes foram sexo, idade, tempo de internação, medicamentos, depressão, estado cognitivo e nível de atividade física. Utilizou-se análise de regressão de Poisson com variância robusta para estimar a razão de prevalência (RP). Resultados: A prevalência de baixa capacidade funcional foi de 57%. A faixa etária > 80 anos (RP: 1,66; intervalo de confiança, IC 95%: 1,13­2,44), presença de déficit cognitivo (RP: 2,19; IC 95%:1,08­4,41), e baixo número de passos (RP: 5,39; IC 95%: 1,44­20,10) se associaram diretamente com a baixa capacidade funcional. No entanto, o excesso de peso (RP: 0,59; IC 95%: 0,39­0,89) e a obesidade (RP: 0,42; IC 95%:0,22­0,81) se associaram inversamente com a baixa capacidade funcional. Conclusão: O nível de atividade física, o estado cognitivo e a idade foram associados à baixa capacidade funcional. O índice de massa corporal foi inversamente associado com a baixa capacidade funcional.

Changes in commuting to work and physical activity in the population of three municipalities in the São Paulo region in 2000 and 2010. / Mudanças no deslocamento para o trabalho e na atividade física da população de três municípios da região de São Paulo nos anos de 2000 e 2010.

OBJECTIVE:: To evaluate the changes in commuting to work and physical activity (PA) in the population of three municipalities in the São Paulo region in 2000 and 2010. METHODS:: Cross-sectional study with a representative sample of 602 adults (62.3% men) carried out in the municipalities of Santo André, São Bernardo do Campo and São Caetano do Sul in 2000 (n = 304; 66.1% men) and 2010 (n = 298; 58.4% men). Physical activity was assessed by the International Physical Activity Questionnaire and participants were classified into active (≥ 150 min/week) and insufficiently active (< 150 min/week). The commuting to work was classified in active transport (walking and cycling), private (bike, car, vans and buses) and public (buses, vans, train or subway). RESULTS:: Average (min/week) PA walk (229.4 versus 190.6), moderate (449.1 versus 347.4), vigorous (354.4 versus 317.4) and total (552.3 versus 442.5) shows the participants were greater in 2010 than in 2000. The prevalence assets increased from 62.2 to 78.2%, respectively. A negative relationship was found between active transport and public with socioeconomic status; active transport and education level; public transport and age. Positive relationship was found only among private transport and socioeconomic status. The average of the total PA (min/week) was higher (p = 0.024; 32.2%) in 2010 than in 2000 for active transport. CONCLUSIONS:: Surveillance data in full PA in the three municipalities of São Paulo indicate that the average active commuting to work increased after ten years, while public transport has decreased.

Accelerometer-determined peak cadence and weight status in children from São Caetano do Sul, Brazil.

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between peak cadence indicators and body mass index (BMI) and body fat percentage (BF%)-defined weight status in children. The sample comprised 485 Brazilian children. Minute-by-minute step data from accelerometry were rank ordered for each day to identify the peak 1-minute, 30-minute and 60-minute cadence values. Data were described by BMI-defined and bioelectrical impedance-determined BF% weight status. BMI-defined normal weight children had higher peak 1-minute (115.5 versus 110.6 and 106.6 steps/min), 30-minute (81.0 versus 77.5 and 74.0 steps/min) and 60-minute cadence (67.1 versus 63.4 and 60.7 steps/min) than overweight and obese children (p<.0001), respectively. Defined using %BF, normal weight children had higher peak 1-minute (114.5 versus 106.1 steps/min), 30-minute (80.4 versus 73.1 steps/min) and 60-minute cadence (66.5 versus 59.9 steps/min) than obese children (p<.0001). Similar relationships were observed in boys; however, only peak 1- minute cadence differed significantly across BMI and %BF-defined weight status categories in girls. Peak cadence indicators were negatively associated with BMI and BF% in these schoolchildren and significantly higher among normal weight compared to overweight or obese children.

LIFESTYLE INDICATORS AND CARDIORESPIRATORY FITNESS IN ADOLESCENTS. / INDICADORES DE ESTILO DE VIDA E APTIDÃO CARDIORRESPIRATÓRIA DE ADOLESCENTES.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the lifestyle indicators associated with cardiorespiratory fitness in adolescents from Ilhabela, São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: The sample consisted of 181 adolescents (53% male) from the Mixed Longitudinal Project on Growth, Development, and Physical Fitness of Ilhabela. Body composition (weight, height, and body mass index, or BMI), school transportation, time spent sitting, physical activity, sports, television time (TV), having a TV in the bedroom, sleep, health perception, diet, and economic status (ES) were analyzed. Cardiorespiratory fitness was estimated by the submaximal progressive protocol performed on a cycle ergometer. Linear regression models were used with the stepwise method. RESULTS: The sample average age was 14.8 years, and the average cardiorespiratory fitness was 42.2 mL.kg-1.min-1 (42.9 for boys and 41.4 for girls; p=0.341). In the total sample, BMI (unstandardized regression coefficient [B]=-0.03), height (B=-0.01), ES (B=0.10), gender (B=0.12), and age (B=0.03) were significantly associated with cardiorespiratory fitness. In boys, BMI, height, not playing any sports, and age were significantly associated with cardiorespiratory fitness. In girls, BMI, ES, and having a TV in the bedroom were significantly associated with cardiorespiratory fitness. CONCLUSIONS: Lifestyle indicators influenced the cardiorespiratory fitness; BMI, ES, and age influenced both sexes. Not playing any sports, for boys, and having a TV in the bedroom, for girls, also influenced cardiorespiratory fitness. Public health measures to improve lifestyle indicators can help to increase cardiorespiratory fitness levels.

OBJETIVO: Associar indicadores de estilo de vida com a aptidão cardiorrespiratória em adolescentes de Ilhabela, São Paulo. MÉTODOS: A amostra foi composta de 181 adolescentes (53% meninos) que faziam parte do Projeto Misto-Longitudinal de Crescimento, Desenvolvimento e Aptidão Física de Ilhabela. Foram analisados: composição corporal (peso corporal, estatura e índice de massa corpórea, ou IMC), transporte para escola, tempo sentado, atividade física, prática de esportes, tempo de televisão (TV), TV no quarto, sono, percepção de saúde, dieta e nível econômico (NE). A aptidão cardiorrespiratória foi estimada por meio do protocolo progressivo submáximo realizado em um ciclo ergômetro. Foram utilizados modelos de regressão linear com o método stepwise. RESULTADOS: A média de idade da amostra foi de 14,8 anos e a de aptidão cardiorrespiratória foi de 42,2 mL.kg-1.min-1 (42,9 nos meninos e 41,4 nas meninas; p=0,341). Na amostra total, IMC (coeficiente de regressão não estandardizado - B=-0,03), estatura (B=-0,01), NE (B=0,10), sexo (B=0,12) e idade (B=0,03) foram significativamente associados com aptidão cardiorrespiratória. Nos meninos, o IMC, a estatura, não praticar nenhuma atividade esportiva e a idade mostraram associações significativas com a aptidão cardiorrespiratória. Já nas meninas, IMC, NE e TV no quarto associaram-se com aptidão cardiorrespiratória. CONCLUSÕES: Indicadores de estilo de vida influenciaram a aptidão cardiorrespiratória, sendo o IMC, o NE e a idade comum entre os sexos. Não praticar esportes, para os meninos, e ter TV no quarto, para as meninas, também influenciaram a aptidão cardiorrespiratória. Medidas de saúde pública para melhorar os indicadores do estilo de vida podem ajudar a aumentar os níveis de aptidão cardiorrespiratória.

Prevalência e fatores associados à sarcopenia em homens e mulheres ativos acima de 50 anos de idade. Um estudo transversal / Prevalence and factors associated with sarcopenia in active men and women over 50 years of age. A cross-sectional study

Introdução: As alterações na composição corporal em idosos, principalmente na redução da massa muscular, provocam o declínio físico e prejuízo da qualidade de vida, aumentando o risco de quedas, institucionalizações e morte. Identificar os fatores associados à sarcopenia possibilita a realização de estratégias para prevenção e reversão deste fenômeno durante o processo de envelhecimento. Objetivo: O estudo teve como objetivo verificar a prevalência e fatores associados à sarcopenia em homens e mulheres não sedentários acima de 50 anos de idade. Tipo de estudo e local: Estudo transversal com homens e mulheres de São Caetano do Sul. Métodos: Foram avaliados 787 mulheres e 123 homens do Projeto Longitudinal de Envelhecimento e Aptidão Física de São Caetano do Sul que frequentam duas vezes na semana um programa de atividade física orientado do município. Para determinar a sarcopenia, utilizou-se o critério de redução da massa muscular (circunferência muscular do braço) e redução da força (preensão manual) ou a redução do desempenho (velocidade de andar). As variáveis independentes foram sexo, idade, índice de massa corporal (IMC), socioeconômicas, comportamentais, de saúde e nível de atividade física. Resultados: A prevalência de sarcopenia foi de 13,5%, na qual 18,4% da amostra apresentou redução da massa muscular, 34,2% diminuição da velocidade de andar e 50,9% redução da força muscular. A prevalência de sarcopenia foi maior em quem não cumpria a recomendação de atividade física (65,8%), assim como quem ultrapassava o recomendado de tempo sentado durante a semana (63,2%). Conclusão: Os fatores associados à sarcopenia são IMC, circunferência de cintura e panturrilha. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Envelhecimento, sarcopenia, sistema musculoesquelético, força muscular, desempenho físico funcional

The prevalence of physical activity and its associated effects among students in the São Paulo public school network, Brazil.

The current study evaluated physical activity (PA) level and its associated effects among students in the public network of São Paulo, Brazil. A cross-sectional study was taken using a representative sample of students in São Paulo public school system. International Physical Activity Questionnaire determined PA level. Students who reported at least 300 minutes/week of PA were considered active. The independente variables were: gender, age, body mass index, education, region, recognition of the Agita São Paulo program. The prevalence of regular PA was 71.7%. Males (PR = 1.09, 95% CIs = 1.04 -1.15) at least 17 years old (PR = 1.16, 95% CIs 1.09-1.24) in their 3rd year of high school (PR = 1.20, 95% CIs = 1.12-1.29) who resided in the Midwest region (PR = 1.27, 95% CIs 1.16-1.38) were most likely to be active. Males at least 17 years old in their 3rd year of high school who lived in the Midwest and recognized the Agita São Paulo/Agita Galera program had higher levels of PA. São Paulo students presented a high level of PA. Moreover, males older than 17 years, attending their 3rd year of high school, who lived in the Midwest region, and recognized the Agita São Paulo/Agita Galera program were the most likely to be more active.

[Socioeconomic status indicators, physical activity, and overweight/obesity in Brazilian children]. / Indicadores de nível socioeconômico, atividade física e sobrepeso/obesidade em crianças brasileiras.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the associations between socioeconomic status (SES) indicators and physical activity and overweight/obesity in children. METHODS: 485 children wore accelerometers for 7 days. Variables included time in sedentary behavior and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), and steps/day. Children were further categorized as meeting or not meeting guidelines of ≥60min/day MVPA and ≥12,000 steps/day. Body mass index (BMI) and body fat percentage (BF%) were measured using bioelec-trical impedance. Overweight/obesity was defined as BMI>+1 SD and BF%≥85th percentile. Parents answered questionnaires that questioned total annual household income, parental education level, parental employment status and automobile ownership. RESULTS: Children averaged 59.5min/day in MVPA (44.1% met MVPA guidelines), and 9639 steps/day (18.4% met steps/day guidelines). 45.4% and 33% were overweight/obese classified by BMI and BF% respectively. Higher relative total annual household income level (Odds Ratio 0.31; 95% confidence interval=0.15-0.65), and relatively higher maternal (OR=0.38; 95%CI=0.20-0.72) and paternal (OR=0.36; 95%CI=0.17-0.75) education levels were associ-ated with lower odds of children meeting MVPA guidelines. Household automobile ownership was associated with lower odds of children meeting MVPA (OR=0.48; 95%CI=0.31-0.75) and steps/day guidelines (OR=0.44; 95%CI=0.26-0.74). CONCLUSIONS: SES indicators were not associated with overweight/obesity, but higher SES was associated with lower odds of children meeting MVPA guidelines.

Nutritional status, physical activity, sedentary behavior, diet, and lifestyle in childhood: an analysis of respiratory diseases in adolescence / Estado nutricional, atividade física, comportamento sedentário, dieta e estilo de vida na infância: uma análise de doenças respiratórias na adolescência

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the association between nutritional status, physical activity, sedentary behavior, diet, and lifestyle in childhood with respiratory diseases during adolescence. Methods: Prospective study conducted in São Caetano do Sul, São Paulo - Brazil, as part of the International Study of Childhood Obesity, Lifestyle and the Environment (ISCOLE). During childhood, indicators of lifestyle (body composition, physical activity, sedentary behavior, diet) and family environment were measured in 2012 and 2013. After five years, participants answered the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) questionnaire for the diagnosis of respiratory diseases (asthma and/or rhinitis). Analyses were determined by logistic regression. Results: A total of 168 schoolchildren (56% boys) were evaluated, and the prevalence of asthma and rhinitis accounted for 15.5 and 25.6%, respectively. Whole milk consumption (Odds Ratio [OR]=1.24; 95% confidence interval [95%CI] 1.03-1.49), having a television in the bedroom (OR=0.29; 95%CI 0.12-0.71), and attending physical education classes ≥2 times/week (OR=0.30; 95%CI 0.11-0.81) in childhood were associated with the presence of asthma in adolescence. Factors significantly associated with rhinitis were as follows: female participants (OR=2.45; 95%CI 1.20-4.98) and whole milk consumption (OR=1.21; 95%CI 1.04-1.40). Conclusions: Higher consumption of whole milk, not having a television in the bedroom, few physical education classes, and being a girl were factors associated with respiratory diseases. Public policies should be directed toward a healthier lifestyle and the prevention of respiratory diseases.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a associação entre estado nutricional, atividade física, comportamento sedentário, dieta e estilo de vida na infância e doenças respiratórias durante a adolescência. Métodos: Estudo prospectivo realizado em São Caetano do Sul, São Paulo, como parte do International Study of Childhood Obesity, Lifestyle and the Environment. Indicadores do estilo de vida (composição corporal, atividade física, comportamento sedentário, dieta) e do ambiente familiar foram mensurados durante a infância, em 2012 e 2013. Após cinco anos, os escolares responderam o questionário do International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) para o diagnóstico de doenças respiratórias (asma e/ou rinite). Análises foram determinadas por meio da regressão logística. Resultados: Foram avaliados 168 escolares (56% meninos), e as prevalências de asma e rinite observadas foram 15,5 e 25,6%, respectivamente. Consumir leite integral (Odds Ratio [OR]=1,24; intervalo de confiança 95% [IC95%] 1,03-1,49), ter televisão no quarto (OR=0,29; IC95% 0,12-0,71) e praticar aulas de educação física ≥2 vezes/semana (OR=0,30; IC95% 0,11-0,81) na infância foram associados com a presença de asma na adolescência. Os fatores significativamente associados à rinite foram: ser do sexo feminino (OR=2,45; IC95% 1,20-4,98) e consumir leite integral (OR=1,21; IC95% 1,04-1,40). Conclusões: Consumir mais leite integral, não ter televisão no quarto, ter tido poucas aulas de educação física e ser do sexo feminino foram fatores associados às doenças respiratórias. Políticas públicas devem ser dirigidas para um estilo de vida mais saudável e a prevenção de doenças respiratórias.

Lifestyle and anthropometric indicators have greater associations with steps/day in boys than in girls / Indicadores de estilo de vida e antropométricos possuem maiores associações com passos/dia nos meninos do que nas meninas: iscole brasil

ABSTRACT Objective: To verify the association of lifestyle, anthropometric, sociodemographic, family and school environment indicators with the number of steps/day in children. Methods: The sample consisted of 334 children (171 boys) from nine to 11 years old. Participants used the Actigraph GT3X accelerometer to monitor the number of steps/day, moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and sedentary time (ST) for seven consecutive days. Height, body weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and body fat were also measured. Lifestyle indicators such as diet, environment, neighborhood, and parental schooling level were obtained with questionnaires. For the identification of variables associated to the number of steps/day, multiple linear regression models were used. Results: The mean steps/day of boys and girls were statistically different (10,471 versus 8,573; p<001). Among boys, the variables associated to the number of steps/day were: MVPA (β=0.777), ST (β=-0.131), BMI (β=-0.135), WC (β=-0.117), and BF (β=-0.127). Among girls, the variables associated to the number of steps/day were: MVPA (β=0.837), ST (β=-0.112), and parents' educational level (β=0.129). Conclusions: Lifestyle indicators, body composition variables and parental educational level influence the number of steps/day of children, and MVPA and ST are common for both sexes.

RESUMO Objetivo: Verificar a associação dos indicadores de estilo de vida, antropométricos, sociodemográficos, ambiente familiar e escolar com a quantidade de passos/dia em crianças. Métodos: A amostra constituiu-se de 334 crianças (171 meninos) de 9 a 11 anos. Os participantes utilizaram o acelerômetro Actigraph GT3X para monitorar a quantidade de passos/dia, a atividade física moderada a vigorosa (AFMV) e o tempo sedentário (TS) durante sete dias consecutivos. Estatura, massa corporal, índice de massa corpórea (IMC), circunferência de cintura (CC) e gordura corporal também foram mensurados. Indicadores de estilo de vida, como dieta, ambiente, vizinhança e nível de escolaridade dos pais, foram obtidos por questionários. Para identificar as variáveis associadas à quantidade de passos/dia, utilizaram-se modelos de regressão linear múltipla. Resultados: As médias de passos/dia dos meninos e das meninas foram estatisticamente diferentes (10.471 versus 8.573; p<0,001). Nos meninos, as variáveis associadas à quantidade de passos/dia foram: AFMV (β=0,777), TS (β=-0,131), IMC (β=-0,135), CC (β=-0,117) e gordura corporal (β=-0,127). Já entre as meninas, as variáveis associadas à quantidade de passos/dia foram: AFMV (β=0,837), TS (β=-0,112) e nível educacional dos pais (β=0,129). Conclusões: Indicadores de estilo de vida, variáveis de composição corporal e nível educacional dos pais influenciaram a quantidade de passos/dia das crianças. A AFMV e o TS foram comuns para ambos os sexos.

Results From Brazil's 2016 Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Youth.

BACKGROUND: Very few studies have comprehensively analyzed the physical activity of children and adolescents in Brazil. The purpose of this article is to show the methodology and summarize findings from the first Brazilian Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Youth. METHODS: Three Brazilian research institutions coordinated the activities to develop the Brazilian 2016 Report Card. The data available were collected independently and then synthesized by the Research Work Group using the grade system developed for the First Global Matrix released in 2014, which included 9 indicators of physical activity. Where possible, grades were assigned based on the percentage of children and youth meeting each indicator: A is 81% to 100%; B is 61% to 80%; C is 41% to 60%; D is 21% to 40%; F is 0% to 20%; INC is incomplete data. RESULTS: Among the 9 indicators, only 5 had sufficient data for grading. Overall Physical Activity received a C- grade, Active Transportation received a C+ grade, Sedentary Behavior received a D+ grade, and Government Strategies and Investments received a D grade. CONCLUSIONS: The low grades observed highlight the need for continued efforts aimed at improving physical activity in Brazilian children.

Physical activity in adults from two Brazilian areas: similarities and differences.

Lack of comparability has been a major limitation in studies on physical activity, due to the utilization of different methodological instruments and inconsistent cut-off points. This study aims to compare the levels of physical activity in adults from two Brazilian areas: (a) São Paulo, the richest State in the country; (b) Pelotas, a medium-sized southern Brazilian city. Both sites used cross-sectional population-based designs, with multiple-stage sampling strategies. Level of physical activity was assessed with the short version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Prevalence of sedentary lifestyle was three times higher in Pelotas than in São Paulo. On the other hand, the proportion of very active subjects was significantly higher in Pelotas. The proportion of insufficiently active individuals (sedentary + irregularly active) was almost identical between the sites. Socioeconomic status was inversely related to level of physical activity in both sites. Among the insufficiently active subjects, those living in São Paulo are at least engaged in a limited amount of activity. On the other hand, among sufficiently active people, those living in Pelotas are more active.