Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) infection in captive white-collared peccaries (Pecari tajacu) from Uruguay.

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection is a major cause of acute hepatitis worldwide. Clinical presentation of hepatitis E mainly occurs as an acute and self-limited disease, though chronic cases are now being commonly reported in immunocompromised individuals. In high-income developed areas and non-endemic regions, HEV is mainly transmitted by the zoonotic route through direct contact with infected animals or by consumption of contaminated meat products. Although pigs and wild boars are the main reservoirs of the disease, HEV can also infect deer, camels, and rats and seems to have an ever-expanding host range. Peccaries (Tayassuidae family, superfamily Suoidea), the 'new world pigs', share susceptibility to several pathogens with domestic pigs and wild boars. Herein, we performed a serological and molecular survey of two captive populations of white-collared peccaries (Pecari tajacu) from Uruguay, with the aim to assess the role of the species as an HEV reservoir. One-hundred and one serum samples were analysed for anti-HEV antibodies. Further evidences of active HEV infection were investigated in stool by RT-nested PCR. Animals from both wildlife reserves were exposed to HEV with an overall prevalence of 24.7%. Moreover, HEV RNA could be detected in peccaries' stool samples from one of the reserves. Phylogenetic analysis clustered the strains within HEV-3, closely related to both human and swine isolates. Our work provides the first evidences supporting the notion that white-collared peccaries are susceptible to HEV. However, these data should not be overinterpreted. Further research is needed concerning the role of peccaries in the transmission of HEV.

Hallazgos histopatológicos en sangrado uterino anormal en pacientes posmenopaúsicas del Hospital de Clínicas

RESUMEN Introducción: El sangrado uterino anormal en la posmenopausia es cualquier sangrado uterino que se presenta después de un año de amenorrea en la mujer en edad postmenopáusica, sin uso de terapia hormonal. Metodología: Es un estudio observacional, descriptivo y temporalmente retrospectivo. El muestreo es no probabilístico de casos consecutivos. La población accesible son pacientes posmenopáusicas con sangrado uterino anormal que fueron sometidas a biopsia de endometrio en la cátedra de Ginecología y Obstetricia del Hospital de Clínicas de la Universidad Nacional de Asunción en el período enero 2019 a diciembre 2020. Resultados: Sobre el hallazgo histopatológico se puede ver que el 30,8 % fue pólipo endometrial, el 24,2 % mucosa endometrial normal, el 11 % adenocarcinoma. Discusión: El sangrado uterino anormal ya sido investigado en el Hospital de Clínicas por Franco-Domínguez quien llega a la conclusión de que la prevalencia de hemorragia uterina anormal de causa orgánica es 16,3 %. El principal motivo de consulta es la hipermenorrea (63,3 %). Los diagnósticos finales fueron mioma uterino (57 %) y las patologías endometriales. La mayoría fue sometida a cirugía (71 %) y 38 % presentó anemia

ABSTRACT Introduction: Abnormal uterine bleeding in postmenopause is any uterine bleeding that occurs after one year of amenorrhea in women of postmenopausal age, without the use of hormonal therapy. Methods: It is an observational, descriptive and temporally retrospective study. The sampling is non-probabilistic of consecutive cases. The accessible population are postmenopausal patients with abnormal uterine bleeding who underwent endometrial biopsy in the Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics of the Hospital de Clínicas of the National University of Asunción in the period January 2019 to December 2020. Results: About the histopathological finding was You can see that 30.8% were endometrial polyp, 24.2% normal endometrial mucosa, 11% adenocarcinoma. Discussion: The abnormal uterine bleeding has already been investigated at the Hospital de Clínicas by Franco-Domínguez who concludes that the prevalence of abnormal uterine bleeding of organic cause is 16.3%. The main reason for consultation is hypermenorrhea (63.3%). The final diagnoses were uterine myoma (57%) and endometrial pathologies. Most underwent surgery (71%) and 38% had anemia.

A new system for comparative functional genomics of Saccharomyces yeasts.

Whole-genome sequencing, particularly in fungi, has progressed at a tremendous rate. More difficult, however, is experimental testing of the inferences about gene function that can be drawn from comparative sequence analysis alone. We present a genome-wide functional characterization of a sequenced but experimentally understudied budding yeast, Saccharomyces bayanus var. uvarum (henceforth referred to as S. bayanus), allowing us to map changes over the 20 million years that separate this organism from S. cerevisiae. We first created a suite of genetic tools to facilitate work in S. bayanus. Next, we measured the gene-expression response of S. bayanus to a diverse set of perturbations optimized using a computational approach to cover a diverse array of functionally relevant biological responses. The resulting data set reveals that gene-expression patterns are largely conserved, but significant changes may exist in regulatory networks such as carbohydrate utilization and meiosis. In addition to regulatory changes, our approach identified gene functions that have diverged. The functions of genes in core pathways are highly conserved, but we observed many changes in which genes are involved in osmotic stress, peroxisome biogenesis, and autophagy. A surprising number of genes specific to S. bayanus respond to oxidative stress, suggesting the organism may have evolved under different selection pressures than S. cerevisiae. This work expands the scope of genome-scale evolutionary studies from sequence-based analysis to rapid experimental characterization and could be adopted for functional mapping in any lineage of interest. Furthermore, our detailed characterization of S. bayanus provides a valuable resource for comparative functional genomics studies in yeast.