[The role of socialisation in psychosexual development].

INTRODUCTION: In the recent research and interpretation of the genetical-biological and environmental-social factors shaping psychosexual development, in addition to scientific arguments, more and more ideological and political aspect have received unfortunate emphasis. OBJECTIVE: Since the literature investigating the development of gender identity and gender orientation has not only increased, but also polarized, it is timely to look at the scientific exchange of ideas and debates among the differing positions. METHOD: Exploring the significance of genetic, biological and social factors involved in the development of gender identity and gender orientation based on international literature data. RESULTS: Based on the current state of science it can be concluded that, in addition to the indisputably marked genetic-biological factors, education and social patterns, as well as the extremely complex environmental and media-related influence with its variable intensity and diverse emotional content also play a significant role in the psychosexual development. This is supported, among other observations, by the data indicating that homoerotic behavior is more common in people raised by same-sex couples. CONCLUSION: As psychosexual development is determined jointly by both genetic-biological and social factors (like education, media etc), belonging to a sexual minority group is not a choice, not the result of a personal decision. Therefore, any kind of discrimination in this regard is unacceptable. Further scientific studies are necessary to answer a large number of questions that still remain open.

[Agomelatine: the first "melatoninergic" antidepressant]. / Agomelatin: az elsö "melatoninerg" antidepresszívum.

The intimate relationship between depressive disorders and biological rhythm disturbances has long been known. One major component in diurnal rhythm regulation in mammals, like humans, is the melatonin axis and its close connections with serotonergic and noradrenergic structures. In major depression various functional anomalies have been shown in all of these systems. Agomelatine is a novel antidepressant with direct agonist activity at the melatonin MT1 and MT2 receptors, and a selective antagonist action at the serotonin 5HT2C receptor. It has no measurable affinity to any other known receptor. In animal models agomelatine has antidepressant-like and anxiolytic-like properties, it promotes sleep, and is able to resynchronize various experimentally uncoupled or phase-shifted biological rhythms. In randomized and controlled clinical trials agomelatine appears to be an effective antidepressant, comparable to standard SSRI/SNRI drugs, with excellent safety and tolerability profile. It usually produces mild and transient side effects, similar to those seen in patients receiving placebo. Sleep architecture and subjective measures of sleep quality may also respond favorably. Agomelatine causes significantly less sexual dysfunction than a reference SNRI. No discontinuation symptoms have been observed upon abrupt withdrawal. The overall dropout rates in the clinical trials have been remarkably low, suggesting good acceptability and compliance. Even though most current antidepressants are effective, they also have weaknesses; therefore we still need innovative drugs with novel biochemical actions, faster efficacy and/or better tolerability.