Spread of carbapenem-resistant international clones of Acinetobacter baumannii in Turkey and Azerbaijan: a collaborative study.

Epidemic clones of Acinetobacter baumannii, described as European clones I, II, and III, are associated with hospital epidemics throughout the world. We aimed to determine the molecular characteristics and genetic diversity between European clones I, II, and III from Turkey and Azerbaijan. In this study, a total of 112 bloodstream isolates of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter spp. were collected from 11 hospitals across Turkey and Azerbaijan. The identification of Acinetobacter spp. using conventional and sensitivity tests was performed by standard criteria. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect OXA carbapenemase-encoding genes (bla OXA-23-like, bla OXA-24-like, bla OXA-51-like, and bla OXA-58-like). Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) typing was used to investigate genetic diversity. The bla OXA-51-like gene was present in all 112 isolates, 75 (67 %) carried bla OXA-23-like, 7 (6.2 %) carried bla OXA-58-like genes, and 5 (4.5 %) carried bla OXA-24-like genes. With a 90 % similarity cut-off value, 15 clones and eight unique isolates were identified. The largest clone was cluster D, with six subtypes. Isolates from clusters D and I were widely spread in seven different geographical regions throughout Turkey. However, F cluster was found in the northern and eastern regions of Turkey. EU clone I was grouped within J cluster with three isolates found in Antalya, Istanbul, and Erzurum. EU clone II was grouped in the U cluster with 15 isolates and found in Kayseri and Diyarbakir. The bla OXA-24-like gene in carbapenemases was identified rarely in Turkey and has been reported for the first time from Azerbaijan. Furthermore, this is the first multicenter study in Turkey and Azerbaijan to identify several major clusters belonging to European clones I and II of A. baumannii.

[The retroactive action of paradoxical sleep deprivation and immobilization stress on the mechanisms of memory and passive avoidance in rats]. / Retroaktivnoe deistvie deprivatsii paradoksal'nogo sna i immobilizatsionnogo stressa na mekhanizmy pamiati passivnogo izbeganiia u krys.

Influence was studied of 48-hours deprivation of paradoxical sleep (DPS) and immobilization stress on conditioned reaction of fear and security--components of passive avoidance conditioned reflex (CRPA), with simultaneous studying of vertical, horizontal activity, grooming reactions and defecations in an illuminated chamber. The obtained results allow to conclude that DPS inhibits reproduction of memory traces of fear reaction but intensifies the process of learning and activity of memory traces of security reaction. Depending on condition of CRPA elaboration, DPS may disturb or, on the contrary, prolong preservation of passive avoidance. It has been found that the immobilization stress does not influence CRPA preservation and does not weaken the reaction of fear but increases the horizontal activity. It is suggested that the observed changes in behaviour and trace processes are connected with disturbance of sensory informational homeostasis of the nervous system at DPS.