The Role of Nutrition in Cancer Patients.

In a very simplistic way, the human body has an extremely complex system of cell division that determines the growth of new cells and the death of senescent cells. However, the organism is not perfect and sometimes fails. In the course of the interaction between genetic and environmental factors, including nutritional factors, oncological disease can arise. Of course, no food alone has properties capable of preventing a tumor. In recent years there has been an increase in the number of new cases of cancer. Malnutrition in cancer patients is a consequence of the increase in inflammatory cytokines associated with cancer, metabolic alterations and concomitant inadequate availability of nutrients, due to anorexia caused by the disease and systemic treatments. Malnutrition, combined with loss of muscle mass, is very common in this group of patients and has a negative effect on the prognosis. What to expect from the doctor? It is one of the key questions in this theme.

Personalized medicine: paradigm shift in ALK positive non-small cell lung cancer: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Since the identification of multiple therapeutic targets, as is the case of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) translocation, the paradigm of treating patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has improved. In order to guarantee the possibility of longer survival outcomes with a better quality of life we must invest in the determination, in suitable time, of the consensual biomarkers and in the availability of the best treatments to our patients. CASE PRESENTATION: We present a case of a caucasian male in his fifth decade of life, non-smoker, who highlights the complex journey of ALK-positive patients. This particular case, demonstrates the efficacy and tolerability of the new ALK target therapies, allowing our patients to maintain their routines without compromising the effectiveness of the therapy. CONCLUSION: Focusing on the reality of ALK positive patients and the impact that this therapy has on the daily lives of our patients, we can contribute to the awareness of this specific pathology.

Antibody-Drug Conjugates in Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review.

The prognosis in the setting of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer patients (mCRPC) remains limited. Therefore, novel treatment strategies remain an unmet need. Antibody-drug conjugates (ADC) emerged as a new drug concept with the potential to deliver a cytotoxic payload with limited off-target toxicity and potentially bystander effect. Following the success of ADCs in breast cancer and urothelial tumours, their activity in prostate cancer is now under investigation. Thus, the aim of this systematic review was to identify published and ongoing prospective clinical trials regarding ADC treatment in prostate cancer. A systematic search of PubMed, MEDLINE, and Web of Science was conducted as per PRISMA guidelines to identify prospective clinical trials of ADCin prostate cancer. Trials are currently ongoing on ClinicalTrials.gov and in the EU. The Clinical Trials Register was also identified. Abstracts, publications in languages other than English, review articles, retrospective analyses, and phase I trials were excluded. A total of six phase I/II prospective clinical trials already published were included. Seven ongoing trials were also identified. All studies were in the refractory/advanced tumour setting, and two included only mCRPC patients. The ADC targets were prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA), trophoblast cell surface antigen-2 (TROP-2), six-transmembrane epithelial antigen of prostate-1 (STEAP-1), tissue factor (TF), delta-like protein 3 (DLL-3), B7-H3 family of proteins (B7-H3), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). Regarding the efficacy of PSMA ADC treatment in the second-line or beyond mCRPC setting, a PSA ≥ 50% decline rate in 14% of all treated patients was reported. One patient achieved a complete response with TROP-2 ADC. Overall, a wide range of safety issues were raised, particularly in connection with neuropathy and hematologic toxicity. Novel therapies have been changing the scope of treatment in mCRPC. ADCs seem to provide efficacy benefits, even with potential toxicity. The results of most prospective ongoing studies are still awaited, and a longer follow-up time is warranted to evaluate the real impact of ADCs in PCa.

Improving the identification of high-risk non-metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer patients in clinical practice.

Non-metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (nmCRPC) represents a challenging disease state in prostate cancer care. nmCRPC patients with a high risk of progression to metastatic disease who are identified by a prostate-specific antigen doubling time (PSADT) ≤10 months are eligible for treatment with the novel androgen receptor inhibitors (ARIs), shown to delay disease progression and extend survival. However, nmCRPC is often unexploited in clinical practice due to a lack of standardization in the methodology and in the tools used for its identification. In this article, a group of Urology and Oncology specialists with acknowledged expertise in prostate cancer reviews the state of the art in the management of high-risk nmCRPC patients, identifies gaps and unmet needs, and proposes strategies to optimize the identification of this patient subgroup in the clinical practice and improve their health outcomes.

Movember in a pandemic - it matters, more than ever.

Dear Editor, in recent years there has been an increase in the number of new cases of cancer. This increase, in part, is closely related to the increase in average life expectancy, as well as more accurate diagnostic techniques and well-defined screening programs. [...].

Bellini duct carcinoma.

The modern era has brought an appreciation that renal cell carcinoma (RCC) includes diverse subtypes derived from the various parts of the nephron, each with its distinctive genetic basis and tumor biology. Carcinoma of the collecting ducts of Bellini (CDC) is a rare subtype of RCC, with a predictably poor prognosis. This rare subtype represents less than 1% of all kidney carcinomas. It derives from presumably numerous chromosomal losses. It is of chief importance to differentiate CDC from other types of renal cell cancer. Typically, it is characterized by a firm, centrally located tumor with infiltrative borders. Regarding the histopathologic characteristics, we can find complex, highly infiltrative cords with inflamed (desmoplastic) stroma, with high-grade nuclei and mitoses. Most reported cases of CDC had been high grade, advanced stage, and unresponsive to conventional therapies. This rare form of disease highlights the importance of multidisciplinary teams in the management of cancer patients.

Oncological cases and complications in Urology.

This collection of cases describes some unusual urological tumors and complications related to urological tumors and their treatment. Case 1: A case of left hydronephrosis referred four years after a right radical mastectomy for lobular breast carcinoma was described. Computed tomography scan revealed a left hydronephrosis with dilated ureter up to the proximal third. An exploratory laparoscopy was performed and the definitive histopathology examination showed a recurrence of the carcinoma with a right tubal metastasis and peritoneal carcinosis. Case 2: A rare case of an extensive penile squamous cell carcinoma in a young man. The patient was treated with radical surgery and modified inguinal lymphadenectomy. No recurrence was noticed so far. Case 3: A rare case of left sided Inferior Vena Cava (IVC) in a patient diagnosed with renal cell cancer who underwent open left partial nephrectomy. Case 4: A case of urethrorrhagia, caused by a recent trauma from an urinary catheter placed in a patient submitted to gastric resection due to a neoplastic pathology. Urethrorrhagia only temporarily responded to conservative treatment and ultimately resolved by coagulation with an endoscopic approach.

Fibrolamellar Carcinoma: A Multimodal Approach.

Fibrolamellar carcinoma is a rare variant of hepatocellular carcinoma not associated with cirrhosis or viral hepatitis. Serum alpha-fetoprotein levels are usually normal; the histology is of a well-differentiated tumor, and the staging is the same as for hepatocellular carcinoma. We describe the case of a female patient in her 4th decade of life with a diagnosis of fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma with a multimodal approach. The rare incidence of this cancer and its unusual clinical presentation justifies reporting this case and highlights the importance of multidisciplinary teams in the treatment of cancer patients.

O Carcinoma fibrolamelar é uma variante rara de hepatocarcinoma, não associado a cirrose ou hepatites virais. Os níveis séricos de alfafetoproteína são geralmente normais; A histologia é de um tumor bem diferenciado e o estadiamento é o mesmo do hepatocarcinoma. Descrevese o caso clínico de um doente do sexo feminino, na sua 4a década de vida com diagnóstico de Hepatocarcinoma fibrolamelar com abordagem multimodal. A rara incidência desta neoplasia e a sua apresentação clínica incomum justificam a notificação deste caso e destacam a importância de equipas multidisciplinares no tratamento dos doentes oncológicos.

Full recovery of a stage IV cancer patient facing COVID-19 pandemic.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), first recognized in Wuhan, China, was recently declared a global pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO). Advanced age and comorbid disease, well-known characteristics in the solid tumor population, have been reported as risk factors for severe disease and death. Cancer-related immunosuppression and its treatments also seem to play an active role in the prognosis, response, and clinical outcomes of these patients. The most effective combination therapy for COVID-19 is still under investigation, and the use of corticosteroids is controversial. Although, as a group, metastatic cancer patients are often considered not to be good candidates for ICU treatment, the individual prognosis should always come into consideration, even in a context of high pressure on medical facilities. We report the case of a stage IV prostate cancer patient infected with SARS-CoV-2 who required ICU admission and recovered from COVID-19 infection. Further studies are needed in order to identify accurate clinical prognostic criteria and provide the best treatment for these challenging patients.

Unknown primary Merkel cell carcinoma with cutaneous spread.

The authors present the case of a woman in the seventh decade of life with medical history of: left nephrectomy for renal tuberculosis and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma treated with chemotherapy (QT) and radiotherapy. She presented with a 2-month history of non-tender, left inguinal lymph node enlargement. Positron Emission Tomography (PET)-CT -scanshowed hypermetabolic inguinal and retroperitoneal lymphadenopathies, no primary tumour. On the second dermatological examination a pink, 2 cm plaque on the anterior left knee was noted. The histopathological analysis revealed Merkel cell carcinoma. The patient underwent two lines of systemic QT, with life-threatening toxicities limiting treatment. Followed overwhelming disease progression with lymphoedema and numerous skin metastases in the left lower limb. The patient received palliative care until death. The rare incidence of such neoplasia and its uncommon clinical presentation justifies reporting this case and highlights the importance of multidisciplinary teams in the management of cancer patients.

Bellini duct carcinoma

The modern era has brought an appreciation that renal cell carcinoma (RCC) includes diverse subtypes derived from the various parts of the nephron, each with its distinctive genetic basis and tumor biology. Carcinoma of the collecting ducts of Bellini (CDC) is a rare subtype of RCC, with a predictably poor prognosis. This rare subtype represents less than 1% of all kidney carcinomas. It derives from presumably numerous chromosomal losses. It is of chief importance to differentiate CDC from other types of renal cell cancer. Typically, it is characterized by a firm, centrally located tumor with infiltrative borders. Regarding the histopathologic characteristics, we can find complex, highly infiltrative cords with inflamed (desmoplastic) stroma, with high-grade nuclei and mitoses. Most reported cases of CDC had been high grade, advanced stage, and unresponsive to conventional therapies. This rare form of disease highlights the importance of multidisciplinary teams in the management of cancer patients.

Full recovery of a stage IV cancer patient facing COVID-19 pandemic

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), first recognized in Wuhan, China, was recently declared a global pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO). Advanced age and comorbid disease, well-known characteristics in the solid tumor population, have been reported as risk factors for severe disease and death. Cancer-related immunosuppression and its treatments also seem to play an active role in the prognosis, response, and clinical outcomes of these patients. The most effective combination therapy for COVID-19 is still under investigation, and the use of corticosteroids is controversial. Although, as a group, metastatic cancer patients are often considered not to be good candidates for ICU treatment, the individual prognosis should always come into consideration, even in a context of high pressure on medical facilities. We report the case of a stage IV prostate cancer patient infected with SARS-CoV-2 who required ICU admission and recovered from COVID-19 infection. Further studies are needed in order to identify accurate clinical prognostic criteria and provide the best treatment for these challenging patients.