SchoolAIR: A Citizen Science IoT Framework Using Low-Cost Sensing for Indoor Air Quality Management.

Indoor air quality (IAQ) problems in school environments are very common and have significant impacts on students' performance, development and health. Indoor air conditions depend on the adopted ventilation practices, which in Mediterranean countries are essentially based on natural ventilation controlled through manual window opening. Citizen science projects directed to school communities are effective strategies to promote awareness and knowledge acquirement on IAQ and adequate ventilation management. Our multidisciplinary research team has developed a framework-SchoolAIR-based on low-cost sensors and a scalable IoT system architecture to support the improvement of IAQ in schools. The SchoolAIR framework is based on do-it-yourself sensors that continuously monitor air temperature, relative humidity, concentrations of carbon dioxide and particulate matter in school environments. The framework was tested in the classrooms of University Fernando Pessoa, and its deployment and proof of concept took place in a high school in the north of Portugal. The results obtained reveal that CO2 concentrations frequently exceed reference values during classes, and that higher concentrations of particulate matter in the outdoor air affect IAQ. These results highlight the importance of real-time monitoring of IAQ and outdoor air pollution levels to support decision-making in ventilation management and assure adequate IAQ. The proposed approach encourages the transfer of scientific knowledge from universities to society in a dynamic and active process of social responsibility based on a citizen science approach, promoting scientific literacy of the younger generation and enhancing healthier, resilient and sustainable indoor environments.

A review of critical residential buildings parameters and activities when investigating indoor air quality and pollutants.

Indoor air in residential dwellings can contain a variety of chemicals, sometimes present at concentrations or in combinations which can have a negative impact on human health. Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) surveys are often required to characterize human exposure or to investigate IAQ concerns and complaints. Such surveys should include sufficient contextual information to elucidate sources, pathways, and the magnitude of exposures. The aim of this review was to investigate and describe the parameters that affect IAQ in residential dwellings: building location, layout, and ventilation, finishing materials, occupant activities, and occupant demography. About 180 peer-reviewed articles, published from 01/2013 to 09/2021 (plus some important earlier publications), were reviewed. The importance of the building parameters largely depends on the study objectives and whether the focus is on a specific pollutant or to assess health risk. When considering classical pollutants such as particulate matter (PM) or volatile organic compounds (VOCs), the building parameters can have a significant impact on IAQ, and detailed information of these parameters needs to be reported in each study. Research gaps and suggestions for the future studies together with recommendation of where measurements should be done are also provided.

Environmental and biological monitoring of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene (BTEX) exposure in residents living near gas stations.

The volatile organic compounds benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) are emitted into the atmosphere at gas stations (GS) leading to chronic exposure of nearby residents, which raises public health concerns. This study aimes at determining the contribution of GS emissions to BTEX exposure in nearby residents. Three Control and Exposed areas to BTEX emissions from GS were defined in a medium-sized European city (Porto, Portugal). BTEX atmospheric levels were determined in Control and Exposed areas using passive samplers deployed outdoors (n = 48) and indoors (n = 36), and human exposure was estimated for 119 non-smoking residents using the first urine of the day. Results showed that median BTEX outdoor and indoor concentrations were significantly higher for Exposed than Control areas, with exception of ethylbenzene and xylene indoor concentrations, where no marked differences were found. Comparison of urinary concentrations between Exposed and Control residents demonstrated no significant differences for benzene and ethylbenzene, whereas levels of toluene and xylene were significantly higher in Exposed residents. No marked correlation was obtained between atmospheric BTEX concentrations and urinary concentrations. Data indicate the potential impact on air quality of BTEX emissions from GS, which confirms the importance of these findings in urban planning in order to minimize the impact on health and well-being of surrounding populations.

Trends of PM2.5 concentrations in China: A long term approach.

The fast economic growth of China along the last two decades has created a strong impact on the environment. The occurrence of heavy haze pollution days is the most visible effect. Although many researchers have studied such problem, a high number of spatio-temporal limitations in the recent studies were identified. From our best knowledge the long trends of PM2.5 concentrations were not fully investigated in China, in particular the year-to-year trends and the seasonal and daily cycles. Therefore, in this work the PM2.5 concentrations collected from automatic monitors from five urban sites located in megacities with different climatic zones in China were analysed: Beijing (40°N), Chengdu (31°N), Guangzhou (23°N), Shanghai (31°N) and Shenyang (43°N). For an inter-comparison a meta-analysis was carried out. An evaluation conducted since 1999 demonstrates that PM2.5 concentrations have been reduced until 2008, period which match with the occurrence of the Olympic Games. However, a seasonal analysis highlight that such decrease occurs mostly during warmer seasons than cold seasons. During winter PM2.5 concentrations are typically 1.3 to 2.7 higher than in summer. The average daily cycle shows that the lowest and highest PM2.5 concentrations often occurs in the afternoon and evening hours respectively. Such daily variations are mostly driven by the daily variation of the boundary layer depth and emissions. Although the PM2.5 levels have showing signs of improvement, even during the warming season the values are still too high in comparison with the annual environmental standards of China (35 µg m-3). Moreover, during cold seasons the north regions have values twice higher than this limit. Thus, to fulfil these standards the governmental mitigation measures need to be strongly reinforced in order to optimize the daily living energy consumption, primarily in the north regions of China and during the winter periods.

Reiki for Cancer Patients Undergoing Chemotherapy in a Brazilian Hospital: A Pilot Study.

The purpose of this pilot study was to explore whether individualized Reiki given to cancer patients at a Brazilian hospital improved symptoms and well-being. Data from 36 patients who received 5 Reiki sessions were collected using the MYMOP and were compared before and after their treatment and also with 14 patients who did not receive Reiki and who acted as a comparison group. Twenty-one patients reported feeling better, 12 felt worse, and 3 reported no change. Of the comparison group, 6 patients reported feeling better and 8 felt worse. The Reiki practice delivered as part of the integrative care in oncology did produce clinically significant effects, although not statistically significant results, for more than half of the patients undergoing cancer treatment.

Assessment of the Usefulness of the Quantitative Methods for the Response Evaluation of Solid Tumors: Analysis Using Four Cancer Types.

BACKGROUND: The evidence provided by medical imaging techniques for the staging and follow-up is relevant in oncology. OBJECTIVES: The aims were (i) to compare the monitoring methods, (ii) to analyze the response variability between different tumors, and (iii) to decipher a general response curve that is independent of tumor type and drug treatment. METHODS: We analyzed the response variability in four cancer types, looking for a general response curve independent of the tumor type and drug treatment. We compared the response of different types of lesions within each cancer type via an intra-class correlation coefficient, determining the minimum number of lesions suitable for monitoring. RESULTS: The tested metrics allowed an objective evaluation of the response of solid tumors. The response was homogeneous between different cancer types. The intra-class correlation was high, allowing the monitoring of the response with a low number of lesions (2-4). The currently used metrics misrepresent the changes in the lesion volumes. Indeed, we observed non-linear overestimations of the RECIST and WHO values, which were more pronounced for the intermediate values. Additionally, the inclusion of lymphadenopathy among the target lesions produced a distortion in the evaluation of the response. CONCLUSION: The quantitative counts allowed an objective evaluation of the response of the solid tumors to therapy, showing that the response was homogeneous but variable between different types of tumors. Although the currently used metrics lead to misrepresentations of the changes in the lesion volume, they allowed setting a response pattern for tracking these lesions.

Allopurinol-Induced Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis.

Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) is a rare and life-threatening cutaneous disease, frequently triggered by drugs. Allopurinol is one of the most frequent drugs associated with TEN, which implies detachment of a significant amount of the body surface area (BSA) and has a high morbidity and mortality associated with it. We present the case of a 68-year-old female with a recent diagnosis of hyperuricemia who started treatment with allopurinol. A week later, she presented to the emergency department with an extensive maculopapular exanthema with blisters and skin detachment. After the exclusion of other etiologies, the diagnosis of allopurinol-induced TEN was made, with 35% of BSA involvement. Due to the severity of the clinical condition, she was admitted to intensive care and treated with corticoids that had no response. So, she was started on immunoglobulins and transferred to a burn unit. She developed sepsis with multiorgan failure and required supportive treatment. She was discharged after a month, and physical rehabilitation was needed. This clinical case highlights the severity of allopurinol hypersensitivity that may happen and the importance of an accurate diagnosis and treatment for this rare disease.

The Invisibility of Integrative and Complementary Practices in Primary Healthcare. / Invisibilidades das Práticas Integrativas e Complementares na Atenção Primária à Saúde.

Invisibility is an issue that requires more attention among healthcare professionals, as some activities in Primary Care go unnoticed. One example is the offer of complementary therapies, whose implementation has been frail and, consequently, can be overlooked in the Unified Health System. This study aims to understand the factors contributing to the public invisibility of Integrative and Complementary Practices in Primary Care. It is a descriptive, exploratory, and qualitative research involving semi-structured interviews with 20 professionals in the Metropolitan Region of Goiânia. Thematic content analysis was applied to the interviews, revealing elements indicating the public invisibility of these practices, such as insufficient discussion in team meetings, inconsistency in the recording in user files, and low prioritization in implementation. In the interviews, social humiliation, a product of public invisibility, can also be perceived due to overload, embarrassments, and lack of physical space for the provision of practices to the users. It is concluded that Integrative and Complementary Practices are often overlooked in Primary Care.

A invisibilidade é uma questão que necessita de maior atenção entre os profissionais de saúde, pois algumas atividades na Atenção Primária passam despercebidas. Um exemplo é a oferta de terapias complementares, cuja implementação tem sido frágil e, consequentemente, pode ser invisibilizada no Sistema Único de Saúde. Este estudo visa compreender os fatores que contribuem para a invisibilidade pública das Práticas Integrativas e Complementares na Atenção Primária. Trata-se de uma pesquisa descritiva, exploratória e qualitativa, envolvendo entrevistas semiestruturadas com 20 profissionais na Região Metropolitana de Goiânia. A análise de conteúdo temática foi aplicada às entrevistas, revelando elementos que indicam a invisibilidade pública dessas práticas, como a falta de discussão nas reuniões de equipe, a desuniformidade no registro nos prontuários dos usuários e a baixa priorização na implementação. Nas entrevistas, a humilhação social, produto da invisibilidade pública, também pode ser percebida devido à sobrecarga, constrangimentos e falta de espaço físico para a oferta das práticas aos usuários. Conclui-se que as Práticas Integrativas e Complementares são frequentemente invisibilizadas na Atenção Primária.

Spatio-temporal prediction of atmospheric benzene (part I).

Benzene is a carcinogenic and genotoxic pollutant which mainly affects the people health through the inhalation. Nevertheless, this pollutant is not frequently measured by air-quality networks. To solve this problem, some models have been published to estimate benzene concentrations in the atmosphere. However, the lack of measures makes difficult the application of complex models in order to get a detailed spatio-temporal analysis, namely in urban areas. In this work was developed a simple semi-empirical model to predict benzene concentrations based on the ratio of benzene and carbon monoxide concentrations in order to predict the concentrations of this pollutant in large areas and periods with lack of benzene measurements but with higher impact in the human health. The model was applied to an urban area, the Metropolitan Area of Oporto, for a period of 12 years (1995-2006). Monthly correlations between benzene and carbon monoxide concentrations at Custóias air-quality station are significant (p = 0.01) and higher in winter (r(s) > 0.7) than in summer (0.3 > r(s) > 0.7). Estimate of the monthly ratio of the concentration of these two pollutants range between 199 and 305. The methodology validation shows good results (r(s) = 0.81) which allow, assuming the availability of carbon monoxide data, the use of this tool for areas with low benzene recorded data. The application of this methodology in the study area shows an annual average trend decrease of benzene concentrations during the study period, which may be linked to a general trend decrease of benzene emissions in European urban areas, including the study domain.

COVID-19 and Lockdown: The Potential Impact of Residential Indoor Air Quality on the Health of Teleworkers.

In addition to outdoor atmospheric contamination, indoor exposure to pollutants is a prime contributor to the overall human exposure, and may condition the expressiveness and severity of respiratory, cardiovascular, and allergic diseases. This situation has worsened due to COVID-19, as people have spent more time indoors to comply with social isolation and mandatory telework. The primary purpose of this study was to assess and compare indoor air quality (IAQ) in a significant sample of dwellings of workers from a Higher Education Institution (HEI) in Portugal who were teleworking and their usual workplace. The levels of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and formaldehyde, particles with equivalent diameters of less than 10 µm, 5 µm, 2.5 µm, 1 µm, 0.5 µm, and 0.3 µm, and ultrafine particles, as well as the level of thermal comfort, were measured at both of the sites assessed. It was found that most of the houses studied, as well as the HEI, had good IAQ, although there were places where the concentrations of some pollutants were above the legal standards. On the other hand, a link was identified between the IAQ and the symptoms and diseases observed in the workers who participated in the study. These results offer the opportunity to make corrective interventions, thereby controlling the sources of pollutants and promoting better ventilation in order to reduce the risk for workers.

Lifestyle, inadequate environments in childhood and their effects on adult cardiovascular health.

OBJECTIVES: To discuss the associations between habits and environment in childhood and cardiovascular effects on adults. SOURCE OF DATA: Search in PubMed, Scielo and Science databases, cohort or case-control studies, and systematic or scope-based reviewson the causal relationship among exposures in the pediatric age group and cardiovascular effects in adults. SYNTHESIS OF DATA: The authors identified 41 eligible articles, which demonstrated an impact on cardiovascular health (characterized as surrogate events - structural or functional vascular alterations or left ventricular dysfunction - or clinical events - myocardial infarction, stroke or cardiovascular death) with environmental aspects (intrauterine or economically poor environment, violence, reduced life expectancy and serious infections) and habits (nutrition, physical activity and tobacco exposure). In addition to the direct and independent associations between exposures and outcomes, several traditional cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF) or family histories are also intermediate pathophysiological pathways in the described phenomena. CONCLUSIONS: There are direct relationships between lifestyle and inadequate environments in childhood and cardiovascular effects, although the observed associations showed divergences in terms of results and interpretation. In spite of these, it is recommended to encourage healthy lifestyles and protection against childhood adverse exposures, as habit formation occurs at this age, and its relationship with CVRF since childhood has already been well established. On the other hand, the format and intensity of the stimulus must respect the social, cultural and psychological aspects of each population, aiming to obtain the best and most lasting result without generating harmful consequences for the individuals.

Professional Training in Integrative and Complementary Practices: the meanings attributed by Primary Health Care workers. / Formação profissional em Práticas Integrativas e Complementares: o sentido atribuído por trabalhadores da Atenção Primária à Saúde.

OBJECTIVE: To understand the meanings attributed by Primary Health Care workers to the professional training process in Integrative and Complementary Practices. METHOD: Descriptive, exploratory study with a qualitative approach, carried out with 20 professionals from 14 health units in three municipalities in the Metropolitan Region of Goiânia, state of Goiás, Brazil. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, transcribed and analyzed using the thematic content analysis. RESULTS: Based on the analysis, the thematic category about training trajectories in Integrative and Complementary Practices emerged. It discusses that the training takes place through training provided by federal and municipal management or professional councils, via distance, semi-presential learning or in-person training. Furthermore, training courses are held at private educational institutions funded by the professionals themselves. Additionally, informal sources of information are used to obtain knowledge (internet, books and magazines). CONCLUSION: The results show, on the one hand, insufficient and diffuse training, with limited supply and quality and, on the other hand, the need to increase educational strategies to improve the training of health professionals aiming at providing different Integrative and Complementary Practices in the Primary Health Care.

O objetivo deste artigo é compreender os sentidos atribuídos por trabalhadores da Atenção Primária à Saúde ao processo de formação profissional nas Práticas Integrativas e Complementares. Estudo descritivo, exploratório, com abordagem qualitativa, com 20 profissionais, de 14 unidades de saúde de três municípios na Região Metropolitana de Goiânia. Os dados foram coletados com entrevistas semiestruturadas, transcritas e analisadas por meio da Análise de Conteúdo Temática. Da análise, emergiu a categoria temática sobre as trajetórias de formação nas Práticas Integrativas e Complementares. Nela discute-se que a formação se dá por capacitações proporcionadas pela gestão federal, municipal ou conselhos de categoria profissional, via educação à distância, semipresencial ou presencial. Além disso, são realizadas formações em instituições privadas de ensino custeadas pelos próprios profissionais. Também, fontes informais de informações são usadas para obtenção de conhecimento (internet, livros e revistas). Os resultados revelam, por um lado, a formação insuficiente e difusa, com limitação na oferta e na qualidade, por outro, a necessidade de ampliação de estratégias educacionais que melhorem a formação dos profissionais de saúde para a oferta das diferentes Práticas Integrativas e Complementares na Atenção Primária à Saúde.

Complementary and Integrative Medicine in academic health education.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze academic education in Complementary and Integrative Medicine (CIM) according to university students from the health area. METHODS: Cross-sectional study with 1399 students from six public and private Brazilian universities, with online and in-person collection of socioeconomic, demographic, educational and academic data, carried out in 2019. The bivariate analysis was applied for the outcome "presence of CIM in academic health education", using the SPSS Statistic program, version 23.0™. RESULTS: The prevalence of the presence of CIM in academic health education was 52.3%, being 31.1% in the compulsory and 8% in the non-compulsory curricular education, 2.0% in scientific research and 4.7% in university extension activities. There was an association of the outcome with knowledge of the national CIM policy (OR = 5.258; p = 0.000), of which knowledge can be indicated and used in one's professional area (OR = 4.836; p = 0.000), interest and/or use of CIM by the teachers/tutors of the course (OR = 3.955; p = 0.000), stimulus by the university to carry out scientific research (OR = 3.277; p = 0.000) and university extension projects with CIM (OR = 3.686; p = 0.000). CONCLUSION: Academic education using CIM in health area courses is not very prevalent in teaching, research and university extension in Brazil, but when present in the curricular and non-curricular educational processes, it shows a significant association with knowledge, skills and their use by university students. The creation of a National Educational Planning in CIM is a vital imperative.

[Performance autoethnography and qualitative research in Collective Health: methodological (mis)encounters]. / A autoetnografia performática e a pesquisa qualitativa na Saúde Coletiva: (des)encontros método+lógicos.

Performance autoethnography is qualitative research methodology that aims to problematize resistances between the "self" (auto-) and the collective (ethno-) in the act of writing (-graphy). The article thus aims to discuss the theoretical and practical construction of performance autoethnography and its applicability as a qualitative research and analytical method in the field of Collective Health through a performance autoethnography writing. By problematizing the epistemic and ontological basis of performance autoethnography, pointing to possibilities for its development and inclusion in studies in the field of Collective Health, the article presents performance autoethnography as a strategy to expand the possibilities for social justice, democratization, and pluralisms in and from research practices. Performance autoethnography, oriented by the episteme "postcolonial", explores decolonializing approaches that provoke and create conditions for the transformation of the academic view itself and the knowledge that prioritizes certain representations of "the other" and thus mainly problematizes how subaltern and marginalized histories relate to what are considered hegemonic systems.

A autoetnografia performática é uma metodologia de pesquisa qualitativa que busca problematizar as resistências entre o "eu" (auto) e o coletivo (etno) no ato de escrever (grafia). Assim, o objetivo deste artigo é discutir a construção teórico-prática da autoetnografia performática e sua aplicabilidade como método de pesquisa e análise qualitativa no campo da Saúde Coletiva por meio, inclusive, de uma escrita autoetnográfica performática. A partir da problematização das bases epistêmicas e ontológicas da autoetnografia performática, apontando possibilidades para o seu desenvolvimento e inclusão nos estudos do campo da Saúde Coletiva, apresenta-se a autoetnografia performática como uma estratégia para ampliar as possibilidades de justiça social, de democratização e de pluralismos nas/das práticas de pesquisa. Orientada pela episteme pós-colonial, que explora abordagens descolonizadoras que provocam e criam condições para a transformação do próprio olhar acadêmico e do conhecimento que privilegia certas representações do "outro", a autoetnografia performática problematiza principalmente como as histórias subalternizadas e marginalizadas se relacionam com os sistemas considerados hegemônicos.

La autoetnografía performativa es una metodología de investigación cualitativa que busca problematizar las resistencias entre el "yo" (auto) y el colectivo (etno) en el acto de escribir (grafía). Así, el objetivo de este artículo es discutir la construcción teórico-práctica de la autoetnografía performativa y su aplicabilidad como método de investigación y análisis cualitativo en el campo de la Salud Colectiva por medio, inclusive, de una redacción autoetnográfica performativa. A partir de la problematización de las bases epistémicas y ontológicas de la autoetnografía performativa, apuntando posibilidades para su desarrollo e inclusión en los estudios del campo de la Salud Colectiva, se presenta la autoetnografía performativa como una estrategia para ampliar las posibilidades de justicia social, de democratización y de pluralismos en las/de las prácticas de investigación. Una vez que, orientada por la episteme poscolonial, explora abordajes descolonizadores que provocan y crean condiciones para la transformación de la propia visión académica y del conocimiento que privilegia ciertas representaciones del "otro", la autoetnografía performativa problematiza, principalmente, cómo las historias subalternas y marginadas se relacionan con los sistemas considerados hegemónicos.

Effects of an intervention program with health education and hatha yoga on the health of professionals with musculoskeletal symptoms.

INTRODUCTION: Musculoskeletal and mental disorders are relevant in the workers' disease process, and ergonomic interventions that include guidance and physical exercise consist of strategies of health promotion. Integrative and complementary practices are presented as a possibility of promoting comprehensive care and yoga consists of a therapeutic alternative. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of an intervention including educational measures and hatha yoga in musculoskeletal pain, disability, and stress in professionals of a university hospital. METHODS: We selected 125 professionals with musculoskeletal symptoms of intensity ≥ 1 who did not practice yoga and randomly assigned them to intervention (n = 63) and control (n = 62) groups, requesting answers to the following questionnaires: initial characterization, the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire and a numeric scale, the Pain Disability Questionnaire, and the Perceived Stress Scale. The intervention group went through a 12-week program with educational measures and hatha yoga. At the end of the study period, both groups answered to the questionnaires once again. We compared data before and after the intervention and between groups. RESULTS: Both groups presented improvements after 12 weeks, but the difference between mean results obtained in the first and second data collections revealed that the levels of pain, disability, and stress decreased more strongly in the intervention group than in the control group. Considering that the intervention group began the program in worse clinical conditions, the program led to a reduction in the difference between groups, but this was not enough for the intervention group to reach better results than the control. CONCLUSIONS: The intervention promoted improvements in the intensity of pain, disability, and stress among the participants of the intervention group. Similar programs could be explored in the promotion of occupational health.

Stop saying epileptic.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact upon attitude and perceived stigma of using different terms for referring to persons with epilepsy among teenagers. High school students received one of two versions of a brief questionnaire and of the Stigma Scale of Epilepsy (SSE). The versions differed only in the term used: "people with epilepsy" (PWE) in the group-1 (N = 109) and "epileptics" in group-2 (N = 105). Group-1 responded that 62% of PWE and group-2, that 93% of epileptics have more difficulty finding employment. Group-1 responded that 37% of PWE and group-2, that 70% of epileptics have more difficulties at school. Group-1 responded that 41% of PWE and group-2, that 87% of epileptics are rejected by the society. None of individuals in group-1 indicated that they were prejudiced toward PWE, whereas 3% of group-2 indicated that they were prejudiced toward epileptics. The SSE score (range from 0 to 100, higher the score, higher the degree of perceived stigma) was 49 [confidence interval (CI) = 46.9-52.0] for group-2 and 45 (CI = 42.4-48.2) for group-1 (p = 0.03). In conclusion, the words we use can influence our perceptions and have consequences in terms of social stigma associated with epilepsy. We should refrain from using the term "epileptic" to refer to a person with epilepsy, and consider the importance of our choice of words as part of the effort to bring epilepsy out of the shadows.

Exposure to BTEX in buses: The influence of vehicle fuel type.

Diesel-fueled buses have been replaced by Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) to minimize the high level of emissions in urban areas. However, differences in indoor exposure levels to Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene and Xylene (BTEX) in those vehicles have not been investigated so far. The primary aim of this study was to determine if passengers are exposed to different BTEX levels when using buses powered by CNG or by diesel, and further explore if indoor levels are influenced by external air quality. For this purpose, BTEX air concentrations were measured in bus cabins (CNG and diesel), parking stations and in a background urban area using passive air samplers. Results showed that BTEX concentrations inside vehicles were higher than outside, but no significant differences were found between buses powered by CNG or by diesel. In CNG vehicles, high and significant positive correlation was found between benzene and the number of journeys in the same route (rs = 0.786, p < 0.05), vehicle operating time (rs = 0.738, p < 0.05), exposure time (rs = 0.714, p < 0.05) and exposure index (rs = 0.738, p < 0.05), but this was not observed for diesel vehicles. Benzene in bus cabins was found to be significantly below reference value for human health protection. However, excepting p-xylene, all other aromatic pollutants have a mean concentration significantly above the lowest effect level (p ≤ 0.002 for all comparisons). Additionally, higher BTEX levels in cabin buses than in outdoor air suggest the presence of other emission sources in indoor cabins. These findings emphasize the need for further studies to fully characterize indoor emission sources in order to minimize the negative impact of BTEX exposure to human health.

Desafios da Psicologia Indígena no atendimento a estudantes universitários / Challenges of Indigenous Psychology in providing assistance to university students

Objetivo Este artigo tem como objetivo discutir a abordagem da psicologia indígena no cuidado de estudantes indígenas em contexto universitário. Método Utilizando o método qualitativo, este artigo apresenta um estudo de caso detalhando a trajetória de formação da Rede de Escuta e Desaprendizagens Étnico-Subjetivas, para analisar a aplicação dos pressupostos da psicologia indígena no suporte a estudantes indígenas e seus familiares na Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Resultados Evidenciou-se a necessidade de reconhecer diferentes epistemologias para uma conexão terapêutica respeitosa. Foram observados desafios na aplicação de práticas alinhadas com a psicologia indígena, destacando a coautoria nas sessões, a valorização das perspectivas dos pacientes e as desaprendizagens contínuas. O estudo dos elementos culturais das etnias envolvidas mostrou-se crucial para evitar a patologização das cosmovisões e subjetividades indígenas. Conclusão A psicologia indígena apresenta-se como um vetor de mudança nas disputas de narrativas culturais, destacando a lacuna na abordagem clínica e a necessidade urgente de estudos para desenvolver intervenções personalizadas para o atendimento das diferentes etnias indígenas.

Objective This article aims to discuss the approach of indigenous psychology in the care of indigenous students in a university framework. Method Using a qualitative method, this article presents a case study detailing the formation trajectory of the Rede de Escuta e Desaprendizagens Étnico-Subjetivas (Network of Ethno-Subjective Listen-ing and Unlearning) to review the application of the principles of indigenous psychology in sup-porting indigenous students and their families at Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp, State University of Campinas), Brazil. Results The study highlighted the need to recognize different epistemologies for respectful therapeutic connections. Challenges were faced in the application of practices aligned with indigenous psychology, emphasizing co-authorship in sessions, valuing patients' perspectives, and continuous unlearning. The study of the cultural elements of the ethnicities involved proved crucial to avoid the pathologization of indigenous worldviews and subjectivities. Conclusion Indigenous psychology presents itself as a tool for the changes in the cultural struggles, highlighting the gap in clinical approaches and the urgent need for further studies to develop personalized interven-tions for the care of the diverse indigenous ethnicities.

Centros de Atenção Psicossocial e formação profissional para oferta das Práticas Integrativas e Complementares: estudo com profissionais ofertantes dos serviços / Psychosocial care centers and professional training for the provision of integrative and complementary practices: a study with professionals offering these services / Centros de Atención Psicosocial y formación profesional para oferta de las Prácticas Integradoras y Complementarias: estudio con profesionales ofertantes de los servicios

Estudos sobre a formação em Práticas Integrativas e Complementares têm se concentrado na análise curricular dos cursos da Saúde e as pesquisas abrangendo as percepções dos profissionais a respeito dos processos formativos devem ser mais elucidadas. O estudo objetiva identificar os processos de formação e capacitação dos profissionais ofertantes de Práticas Integrativas e Complementares nos Centros de Atenção Psicossocial de uma região metropolitana. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, exploratório, de abordagem qualitativa. Realizaram-se entrevistas semiestruturadas com 45 profissionais, as quais foram posteriormente analisadas segundo a Análise de Conteúdo Temática. As pós-graduações, graduação, formações em serviço e o ensino privado foram as trajetórias adotadas pelos profissionais, revelando a existência de uma formação difusa para a oferta no cenário investigado. Esses resultados podem subsidiar o planejamento de estratégias educacionais para a ordenação dos recursos humanos em Práticas Integrativas e Complementares.(AU)

Studies of training in integrative and complementary practices have concentrated on the analysis of the curriculums of health courses and further more in-depth research into professionals' perceptions about training processes is needed. This study aimed to identify training processes and capacity building for professionals who offer integrative and complementary practices in psychosocial care centers in a metropolitan region. We conducted an exploratory descriptive study involving semi-structured interviews with 45 professionals. The interview transcripts were analyzed using content analysis. The most common routes taken by the professionals were post-graduate qualifications, degrees, in-service training and private education. The results reveal that training in this area was diffuse. Our results can inform the development of educational strategies for the organization of human resources in the area of integrative and complementary practices.(AU)

Los estudios sobre la formación en Prácticas Integradoras y Complementarias se han concentrado en el análisis curricular de los cursos de la salud y las investigaciones que incluyen las percepciones de los profesionales con relación a los procesos de formación deben elucidarse más. El objetivo del estudio es identificar los procesos de formación y capacitación de los profesionales ofertantes de Prácticas Integradoras y Complementarias en los Centros de Atención Psicosocial de una región metropolitana. Se trata de un estudio descriptivo, exploratorio, de abordaje cualitativo. Se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas con 45 profesionales que fueron posteriormente analizadas según el Análisis de Contenido Temático. Los postgrados, graduación, formaciones en servicio y la enseñanza privada fueron las trayectorias adoptadas por los profesionales, revelando la existencia de una formación difusa para la oferta en el escenario investigado. Esos resultados pueden subsidiar la planificación de estrategias educativas para la ordenación de los recursos humanos en las Prácticas Integradoras y Complementarias.(AU)

Invisibilidades das Práticas Integrativas e Complementares na Atenção Primária à Saúde / The Invisibility of Integrative and Complementary Practices in Primary Healthcare

Resumo A invisibilidade é uma questão que necessita de maior atenção entre os profissionais de saúde, pois algumas atividades na Atenção Primária passam despercebidas. Um exemplo é a oferta de terapias complementares, cuja implementação tem sido frágil e, consequentemente, pode ser invisibilizada no Sistema Único de Saúde. Este estudo visa compreender os fatores que contribuem para a invisibilidade pública das Práticas Integrativas e Complementares na Atenção Primária. Trata-se de uma pesquisa descritiva, exploratória e qualitativa, envolvendo entrevistas semiestruturadas com 20 profissionais na Região Metropolitana de Goiânia. A análise de conteúdo temática foi aplicada às entrevistas, revelando elementos que indicam a invisibilidade pública dessas práticas, como a falta de discussão nas reuniões de equipe, a desuniformidade no registro nos prontuários dos usuários e a baixa priorização na implementação. Nas entrevistas, a humilhação social, produto da invisibilidade pública, também pode ser percebida devido à sobrecarga, constrangimentos e falta de espaço físico para a oferta das práticas aos usuários. Conclui-se que as Práticas Integrativas e Complementares são frequentemente invisibilizadas na Atenção Primária.

Abstract Invisibility is an issue that requires more attention among healthcare professionals, as some activities in Primary Care go unnoticed. One example is the offer of complementary therapies, whose implementation has been frail and, consequently, can be overlooked in the Unified Health System. This study aims to understand the factors contributing to the public invisibility of Integrative and Complementary Practices in Primary Care. It is a descriptive, exploratory, and qualitative research involving semi-structured interviews with 20 professionals in the Metropolitan Region of Goiânia. Thematic content analysis was applied to the interviews, revealing elements indicating the public invisibility of these practices, such as insufficient discussion in team meetings, inconsistency in the recording in user files, and low prioritization in implementation. In the interviews, social humiliation, a product of public invisibility, can also be perceived due to overload, embarrassments, and lack of physical space for the provision of practices to the users. It is concluded that Integrative and Complementary Practices are often overlooked in Primary Care.