An ADH toolbox for raspberry ketone production from natural resources via a biocatalytic cascade.

Raspberry ketone is a widely used flavor compound in food and cosmetic industry. Several processes for its biocatalytic production have already been described, but either with the use of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) or incomplete conversion of the variety of precursors that are available in nature. Such natural precursors are rhododendrol glycosides with different proportions of (R)- and (S)-rhododendrol depending on the origin. After hydrolysis of these rhododendrol glycosides, the formed rhododendrol enantiomers have to be oxidized to obtain the final product raspberry ketone. To be able to achieve a high conversion with different starting material, we assembled an alcohol dehydrogenase toolbox that can be accessed depending on the optical purity of the intermediate rhododendrol. This is demonstrated by converting racemic rhododendrol using a combination of (R)- and (S)-selective alcohol dehydrogenases together with a universal cofactor recycling system. Furthermore, we conducted a biocatalytic cascade reaction starting from naturally derived rhododendrol glycosides by the use of a glucosidase and an alcohol dehydrogenase to produce raspberry ketone in high yield. KEY POINTS: • LB-ADH, LK-ADH and LS-ADH oxidize (R)-rhododendrol • RR-ADH and ADH1E oxidize (S)-rhododendrol • Raspberry ketone production via glucosidase and alcohol dehydrogenases from a toolbox.

In vitro repair of a defective EGFP transcript and translation into a functional protein.

Twin ribozymes mediate the exchange of a short patch of RNA against an exogenous oligonucleotide within a suitable RNA substrate. Thus, twin ribozymes are promising tools for RNA repair, i.e. for the treatment of genetic disorders at the mRNA level. A number of twin ribozyme-mediated RNA fragment exchange reactions have been successfully demonstrated using short model substrates. Herein we show for the first time a twin ribozyme-mediated in vitro repair of a full-length transcript and translation into a functional protein. The system is based on the repair of a designed mutant EGFP mRNA containing the four-base deletion ΔACTC (190-193). Upon twin ribozyme-mediated replacement of a patch of 15 nucleotides with an externally added repair oligonucleotide (19 mer) the wild type sequence of the EGFP transcript could be restored with 32% yield. This is the first time that such a high twin ribozyme-mediated repair yield, so far observed only for short model substrates, has been obtained for a full-length mRNA. Translation of the repaired EGFP-ΔACTC mRNA produces functional EGFP, as detected by the restored fluorescence.

Biosensor and chemo-enzymatic one-pot cascade applications to detect and transform PET-derived terephthalic acid in living cells.

Plastic waste imposes a serious problem to the environment and society. Hence, strategies for a circular plastic economy are demanded. One strategy is the engineering of polyester hydrolases toward higher activity for the biotechnological recycling of polyethylene terephthalate (PET). To provide tools for the rapid characterization of PET hydrolases and the detection of degradation products like terephthalic acid (TPA), we coupled a carboxylic acid reductase (CAR) and the luciferase LuxAB. CAR converted TPA into the corresponding aldehydes in Escherichia coli, which yielded bioluminescence that not only semiquantitatively reflected amounts of TPA in hydrolysis samples but is suitable as a high-throughput screening assay to assess PET hydrolase activity. Furthermore, the CAR-catalyzed synthesis of terephthalaldehyde was combined with a reductive amination cascade in a one-pot setup yielding the corresponding diamine, suggesting a new strategy for the transformation of TPA as a product obtained from PET biodegradation.

Tissue resident cells play a dominant role in arteriogenesis and concomitant macrophage accumulation.

Collateral growth is characterized by macrophage accumulation, suggesting an important role of circulating cells. To study origin and function of macrophages during arteriogenesis, we related the extent of macrophage accumulation to vascular proliferation and investigated the fate of fluorescently (CMFDA) labeled blood cells that were injected at the time of femoral artery occlusion. The effect of bone marrow depletion via cyclophosphamide before femoral artery occlusion on collateral proliferation and macrophage accumulation was studied, and we looked for the presence of bone marrow-derived stem cells in the vicinity of growing collateral vessels. Finally, we investigated the arteriogenic effect of macrophage activation via MCP-1 in bone marrow-depleted animals. Maximal macrophage accumulation occurred during the first 3 days after femoral artery occlusion and paralleled the extent of vascular proliferation. Fluorescently labeled leukocytes homed to spleen and wound but they were absent in proliferating collateral arteries during maximal macrophage accumulation. Depletion of circulating cells did neither affect macrophage accumulation nor collateral growth. Staining of monocyte-depleted animals for BrdUrd and ED2, alphaSMA, or VE-Cadherin demonstrated local proliferation of macrophages and vascular cells, whereas C-Kit, SSEA1, or Thy1-positive bone marrow-derived stem cells were not detectable. Enhancement of macrophage accumulation via MCP-1 was independent of circulating monocytes and promoted arteriogenesis in the absence of direct effects on vascular cells. We propose that the initial phase of vascular growth is characterized by local proliferation of tissue resident precursors rather than by migration of blood born cells. The full text of this article is available online at http://circres.ahajournals.org.