Complications of Implanted Vagus Nerve Stimulation: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Vagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS) has emerged as a promising tool in ischemic stroke rehabilitation. However, there has been no systematic review summarizing its adverse effects, critical information for patients and providers when obtaining informed consent for this novel treatment. This systematic review and meta-analysis reports the adverse effects of VNS. METHODS: A systematic review was performed in accordance with PRISMA guidelines to identify common complications after VNS therapy. The search was executed in: Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Embase, and Ovid MEDLINE. All prospective, randomized controlled trials using implanted VNS therapy in adult patients were eligible for inclusion. Case studies and studies lacking complete complication reports were excluded. Extracted data included technology name, location of implantation, follow-up duration, purpose of VNS, and adverse event rates. RESULTS: After title-and-abstract screening of 4933 studies, 21 were selected for final inclusion. Across these studies, 1474 patients received VNS implantation. VNS was used as a potential therapy for epilepsy (9), depression (8), anxiety (1), ischemic stroke (1), chronic heart failure (1), and fibromyalgia (1). The 5 most common post-implant adverse events were voice alteration/hoarseness (n=671, 45.5%), paresthesia (n = 233, 15.8%), cough (n = 221, 15.0%), dyspnea (n = 211, 14.3%), and pain (n = 170, 11.5%). CONCLUSIONS: Complications from VNS are mild and transient, with reduction in severity and number of adverse events with increasing follow-up time. In prior studies, VNS has served as treatment option in several instances of treatment-resistant conditions, such as epilepsy and psychiatric conditions, and its use in stroke recovery and rehabilitation should continue to be explored.

Surgical outcomes in patients with endoscopic versus transcranial approach for skull base malignancies: a 10-year institutional experience.

OBJECT: The authors performed an extensive comparison between patients treated with open versus an endoscopic approach for skull base malignancy with emphasis on surgical outcomes. METHODS: A single-institution retrospective review of 60 patients who underwent surgery for skull base malignancy between 2009 and 2018 was performed. Disease features, surgical resection, post-operative morbidities, adjuvant treatment, recurrence, and survival rates were compared between 30 patients who received purely open surgery and 30 patients who underwent purely endoscopic resection for a skull base malignancy. RESULTS: Of the 60 patients with skull base malignancy, 30 underwent open resection and 30 underwent endoscopic resection. The most common hisotype for endoscopic resection was squamous cell carcinoma (26.7%), olfactory neuroblastoma (16.7%), and sarcoma (10.0%), and 43.3%, 13.3%, and 10.0% for the open resection cohort, respectively. There were no statistical differences in gross total resection, surgical-associated cranial neuropathy, or ability to achieve negative margins between the groups (p > 0.1, all comparisons). Patients who underwent endoscopic resection had shorter surgeries (320.3 ± 158.5 minutes vs. 495.3 ± 187.6 minutes (p = 0.0003), less intraoperative blood loss (282.2 ± 333.6 ml vs. 696.7 ± 500.2 ml (p < 0.0001), and shorter length of stay (3.5 ± 3.7 days vs. 8.8 ± 6.0 days (p < 0.0001). Additionally, patients treated endoscopically initiated adjuvant radiation treatment more quickly (48.0 ± 20.3 days vs. 72.0 ± 20.5 days (p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: An endoscopic endonasal approach facilitates a clinically meaningful improvement in surgical outcomes for skull base malignancies.

Post-operative vision loss: analysis of 587 patients undergoing endoscopic surgery for pituitary macroadenoma.

PURPOSE: Vision loss following surgery for pituitary adenoma is poorly described in the literature and cannot be reliably predicted with current prognostic models. Detailed characterization of this population is warranted to further understand the factors that predispose a minority of patients to post-operative vision loss. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The medical records of 587 patients who underwent endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery at the Mount Sinai Medical Centre between January 2013 and August 2018 were reviewed. Patients who experienced post-operative vision deterioration, defined by reduced visual acuity, worsened VFDs, or new onset of blurry vision, were identified and analysed. RESULTS: Eleven out of 587 patients who received endoscopic surgery for pituitary adenoma exhibited post-operative vision deterioration. All eleven patients presented with preoperative visual impairment (average duration of 13.1 months) and pre-operative optic chiasm compression. Seven patients experienced visual deterioration within 24 h of surgery. The remaining four patients experienced delayed vision loss within one month of surgery. Six patients had complete blindness in at least one eye, one patient had complete bilateral blindness. Four patients had reduced visual acuity compared with preoperative testing, and four patients reported new-onset blurriness that was not present before surgery. High rates of graft placement (10/11 patients) and opening of the diaphragma sellae (9/11 patients) were found in this series. Four patients had hematomas and four patients had another significant post-operative complication. CONCLUSIONS: While most patients with pituitary adenoma experience favourable ophthalmological outcomes following endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery, a subset of patients exhibit post-operative vision deterioration. The present study reports surgical and disease features of this population to further our understanding of factors that may underlie vision loss following pituitary adenoma surgery. Graft placement and opening of the diaphragma sellae may be important risk factors in vision loss following ETS and should be an area of future investigation.

Accuracy of artificial intelligence for the detection of intracranial hemorrhage and chronic cerebral microbleeds: a systematic review and pooled analysis.

BACKGROUND: Artificial intelligence (AI)-driven software has been developed and become commercially available within the past few years for the detection of intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) and chronic cerebral microbleeds (CMBs). However, there is currently no systematic review that summarizes all of these tools or provides pooled estimates of their performance. METHODS: In this PROSPERO-registered, PRISMA compliant systematic review, we sought to compile and review all MEDLINE and EMBASE published studies that have developed and/or tested AI algorithms for ICH detection on non-contrast CT scans (NCCTs) or MRI scans and CMBs detection on MRI scans. RESULTS: In total, 40 studies described AI algorithms for ICH detection in NCCTs/MRIs and 19 for CMBs detection in MRIs. The overall sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were 92.06%, 93.54%, and 93.46%, respectively, for ICH detection and 91.6%, 93.9%, and 92.7% for CMBs detection. Some of the challenges encountered in the development of these algorithms include the laborious work of creating large, labeled and balanced datasets, the volumetric nature of the imaging examinations, the fine tuning of the algorithms, and the reduction in false positives. CONCLUSIONS: Numerous AI-driven software tools have been developed over the last decade. On average, they are characterized by high performance and expert-level accuracy for the diagnosis of ICH and CMBs. As a result, implementing these tools in clinical practice may improve workflow and act as a failsafe for the detection of such lesions. REGISTRATION-URL: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/ Unique Identifier: CRD42021246848.

Time to Evacuation and Functional Outcome After Minimally Invasive Endoscopic Intracerebral Hemorrhage Evacuation.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: We present a retrospective analysis of patients who underwent minimally invasive endoscopic intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) evacuation to identify variables that were associated with long-term outcome. METHODS: Minimally invasive endoscopic ICH evacuation was performed on patients with supratentorial ICH who fit prespecified clinical inclusion and exclusion criteria. Demographic, clinical, and radiographic factors previously demonstrated to impact functional outcome in ICH were included in a univariate analysis to identify factors associated with favorable outcome (modified Rankin Scale score, 0-3) at 6 months. Factors associated with a favorable outcome in the univariate analysis (P≤0.20) were included in a multivariate logistic regression analysis with the same dependent variable. RESULTS: Ninety patients underwent MIS endoscopic ICH evacuation within 72 hours of ictus. In a multivariate analysis, factors associated with good long-term functional outcome included time to evacuation (per hour; OR, 0.95 [95% CI, 0.92-0.98], P=0.004), age (per decade, odds ratio [OR], 0.49 [95% CI, 0.28-0.77], P=0.005), presence of intraventricular hemorrhage (OR, 0.15 [95% CI, 0.04-0.47], P=0.002), and lobar location (OR, 18.5 [95% CI, 4.5-103], P=0.0005). Early evacuation was not associated with an increased risk of rebleeding. CONCLUSIONS: Young age, lack of intraventricular hemorrhage, lobar location, and time to evacuation were independently associated with good long-term functional outcome in patients undergoing minimally invasive endoscopic ICH evacuation. The OR for time to evacuation suggests that for each additional hour, there was a 5% reduction in the odds of achieving a favorable outcome.

The utility of augmented reality in lateral skull base surgery: A preliminary report.

OBJECTIVE: To discuss the utility of augmented reality in lateral skull base surgery. PATIENTS: Those undergoing lateral skull base surgery at our institution. INTERVENTION(S): Cerebellopontine angle tumor resection using an augmented reality interface. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Ease of use, utility of, and future directions of augmented reality in lateral skull base surgery. RESULTS: Anecdotally we have found an augmented reality interface helpful in simulating cerebellopontine angle tumor resection as well as assisting in planning the incision and craniotomy. CONCLUSIONS: Augmented reality has the potential to be a useful adjunct in lateral skull base surgery, but more study is needed with large series.

COVID-19 and Decompressive Hemicraniectomy for Acute Ischemic Stroke.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Young patients with malignant cerebral edema have been shown to benefit from early decompressive hemicraniectomy. The impact of concomitant infection with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and how this should weigh in on the decision for surgery is unclear. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed all COVID-19-positive patients admitted to the neuroscience intensive care unit for malignant edema monitoring. Patients with >50% of middle cerebral artery involvement on computed tomography imaging were considered at risk for malignant edema. RESULTS: Seven patients were admitted for monitoring of whom 4 died. Cause of death was related to COVID-19 complications, and these were either seen both very early and several days into the intensive care unit course after the typical window of malignant cerebral swelling. Three cases underwent surgery, and 1 patient died postoperatively from cardiac failure. A good outcome was attained in the other 2 cases. CONCLUSIONS: COVID-19-positive patients with large hemispheric stroke can have a good outcome with decompressive hemicraniectomy. A positive test for COVID-19 should not be used in isolation to exclude patients from a potentially lifesaving procedure.

Brain Metastases from Biliary Tract Cancers: A Case Series and Review of the Literature in the Genomic Era.

BACKGROUND: Biliary tract cancers (BTCs) are highly fatal malignancies that make up less than 1% of all cancers. BTC is often diagnosed at an unresectable stage; surgical resection remains the only definitive treatment. Brain metastases (BMs) from BTC are extremely rare, and few studies on patients with BMs from BTC exist. The aim of this study was to identify clinical characteristics associated with poor prognosis for patients with BMs from BTC. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of electronic medical records for patients with BMs from BTC managed at Mount Sinai Hospital from 2000 to 2017. Data on patient characteristics, magnetic resonance imaging findings, treatment regimens, and clinical outcomes were analyzed. RESULTS: We identified 1,910 patients with BTC. Nine patients developed BMs, with an incidence of 0.47%. Of these nine patients, six had intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, two had extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, and one had gallbladder cancer. Six (66.7%) patients had one BM, one (11.1%) patient had two BMs, and two (22.2%) patients had three or more BMs. Four (44.4%) patients underwent BM resection, and seven (77.8%) received BM radiation. Median overall survival from time of BM diagnosis was 3.8 months (95% confidence interval 0.1-16.9). CONCLUSION: Development of BMs from BTC is rare; however, prognosis is less than 4 months. BM diagnosis can occur within 2 years of primary diagnosis. As targeted therapeutics emerge, future studies ought to focus on identifying genomic BM markers associated with BTC subtypes. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: In the largest retrospective study of biliary tract cancer brain metastases, the clinical presentation and outcomes are reported of nine patients with an extremely rare clinical entity. The genomic literature and potential therapeutic targets for these patients with limited treatment options is comprehensively and exhaustively discussed.

Utility of preoperative meningioma consistency measurement with magnetic resonance elastography (MRE): a review.

Meningioma consistency is a critical factor that influences preoperative planning for surgical resection. Recent studies have investigated the utility of preoperative magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) in predicting meningioma consistency. However, it is unclear whether existing methods are optimal for application to clinical practice. The results and conclusions of these studies are limited by their imaging acquisition methods, such as the use of a single MRE frequency and the use of shear modulus as the final measurement variable, rather than its storage and loss modulus components. In addition, existing studies do not account for the effects of cranial anatomy, which have been shown to significantly distort the MRE signal. Given the interaction of meningiomas with these anatomic structures and the lack of supporting evidence with more accurate imaging parameters, MRE may not yet be reliable for use in clinical practice.

Brain metastasis from squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck: a review of the literature in the genomic era.

Squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (HNSCC) affects nearly 500,000 individuals globally each year. With the rise of human papillomavirus (HPV) in the general population, clinicians are seeing a concomitant rise in HPV-related HNSCC. Notably, a hallmark of HPV-related HNSCC is a predilection for unique biological and clinical features, which portend a tendency for hematogenous metastasis to distant locations, such as the brain. Despite the classic belief that HNSCC is restricted to local spread via passive lymphatic drainage, brain metastases (BMs) are a rare complication that occurs in less than 1% of all HNSCC cases. Time between initial diagnosis of HNSCC and BM development can vary considerably. Some patients experience more than a decade of disease-free survival, whereas others present with definitive neurological symptoms that precede primary tumor detection. The authors systematically review the current literature on HNSCC BMs and discuss the current understanding of the effect of HPV status on the risk of developing BMs in the modern genomic era.

A step-down unit transfer protocol for low-risk aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage.

OBJECTIVE Patients who have experienced subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) often receive care in the setting of the ICU. However, SAH patients may not all require extended ICU admission. The authors established a protocol on January 1, 2015, to transfer select, low-risk patients to a step-down unit (SDU) to streamline care for SAH patients. This study describes the results of the implemented protocol. METHODS In this retrospective chart review, patients presenting with SAH between January 2011 and September 2016 were reviewed for inclusion. The control group consisted of patients admitted prior to establishment of the SDU transfer protocol, while the intervention group consisted of patients admitted afterward. RESULTS Of the patients in the intervention group, 79.2% (57/72) were transferred to the SDU during their admission. Of these transferred patients, 29.8% (17/57) required return to the neurosurgical ICU (NSICU). There were no instances of morbidity or mortality directly related to care in the SDU. Patients in the intervention group had a mean reduced NSICU length of stay, by 1.95 days, which trended toward significance, and a longer average hospitalization, by 2.7 days, which also trended toward significance. In-hospital mortality and 90-day readmission rate were not statistically different between the groups. In addition, early transfer timing prior to 7 days was associated with neither a higher return rate to the NSICU nor higher 90-day readmission rate. CONCLUSIONS In this retrospective study, the authors demonstrated that the transfer protocol was safe, feasible, and effective in reducing the ICU length of stay and was independent of transfer timing. Confirmation of these results is needed in a large, multicenter study.

Acute ischaemia after subarachnoid haemorrhage, relationship with early brain injury and impact on outcome: a prospective quantitative MRI study.

OBJECTIVE: To determine if ischaemia is a mechanism of early brain injury at the time of aneurysm rupture in subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) and if early MRI ischaemia correlates with admission clinical status and functional outcome. METHODS: In a prospective, hypothesis-driven study patients with SAH underwent MRI within 0-3 days of ictus (prior to vasospasm) and a repeat MRI (median 7 days). The volume and number of diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) positive/apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) dark lesions on acute MRI were quantitatively assessed. The association of early ischaemia, admission clinical status, risk factors and 3-month outcome were analysed. RESULTS: In 61 patients with SAH, 131 MRI were performed. Early ischaemia occurred in 40 (66%) with a mean DWI/ADC volume 8.6 mL (0-198 mL) and lesion number 4.3 (0-25). The presence of any early DWI/ADC lesion and increasing lesion volume were associated with worse Hunt-Hess grade, Glasgow Coma Scale score and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II physiological subscores (all p<0.05). Early DWI/ADC lesions significantly predicted increased number and volume of infarcts on follow-up MRI (p<0.005). At 3 months, early DWI/ADC lesion volume was significantly associated with higher rates of death (21% vs. 3%, p=0.031), death/severe disability (modified Rankin Scale 4-6; 53% vs. 15%, p=0.003) and worse Barthel Index (70 vs. 100, p=0.004). After adjusting for age, Hunt-Hess grade and aneurysm size, early infarct volume correlated with death/severe disability (adjusted OR 1.7, 95% CI 1.0 to 3.2, p=0.066). CONCLUSIONS: Early ischaemia is related to poor acute neurological status after SAH and predicts future ischaemia and worse functional outcomes. Treatments addressing acute ischaemia should be evaluated for their effect on outcome.

Frontorbital Fibrous Dysplasia Resection and Reconstruction With Custom Polyetherlatone Alloplast.

Fibrous dysplasia (FD) is a benign, pathological development of bone. Craniofacial bones are the most commonly involved and can potentially cause visual disturbance, proptosis, orbital dystopia, and facial deformity. This case involves a 13-year-old girl with significant proptosis (20 mm left, 17.5 mm right) and downward displacement of the left globe (1.5 mm) due to fibrous dysplasia. Reconstruction was performed with computed tomography-derived and 3D printed custom polyetheretherketone (PEEK) implantation. PEEK is a nonabsorbable, nonporous thermoplastic polymer notable for its ability to be modified intraoperatively and ideal imaging properties postoperatively. Never, to our knowledge, has PEEK been used for primary reconstruction of the frontal orbital region in fibrous dysplasia in a child. The lesion was successfully repaired with excellent aesthetic and no apparent damage to neurovascular or ocular structures.

Levels of autonomy in FDA-cleared surgical robots: a systematic review.

The integration of robotics in surgery has increased over the past decade, and advances in the autonomous capabilities of surgical robots have paralleled that of assistive and industrial robots. However, classification and regulatory frameworks have not kept pace with the increasing autonomy of surgical robots. There is a need to modernize our classification to understand technological trends and prepare to regulate and streamline surgical practice around these robotic systems. We present a systematic review of all surgical robots cleared by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) from 2015 to 2023, utilizing a classification system that we call Levels of Autonomy in Surgical Robotics (LASR) to categorize each robot's decision-making and action-taking abilities from Level 1 (Robot Assistance) to Level 5 (Full Autonomy). We searched the 510(k), De Novo, and AccessGUDID databases in December 2023 and included all medical devices fitting our definition of a surgical robot. 37,981 records were screened to identify 49 surgical robots. Most surgical robots were at Level 1 (86%) and some reached Level 3 (Conditional Autonomy) (6%). 2 surgical robots were recognized by the FDA to have machine learning-enabled capabilities, while more were reported to have these capabilities in their marketing materials. Most surgical robots were introduced via the 510(k) pathway, but a growing number via the De Novo pathway. This review highlights trends toward greater autonomy in surgical robotics. Implementing regulatory frameworks that acknowledge varying levels of autonomy in surgical robots may help ensure their safe and effective integration into surgical practice.

Bibliometric Analysis of the Top 100 Cited Articles and Author H-Indexes on the Surgical Treatment of Trigeminal Neuralgia.

INTRODUCTION: Medically refractory cases of trigeminal neuralgia often require treatment escalation. Surgical options include microvascular decompression and percutaneous ablation. This paper provides a bibliometric analysis of the most influential articles on the surgical management of trigeminal neuralgia. METHODS: The Web of Science database was queried to identify the top 100 cited articles concerning surgical treatment of trigeminal neuralgia. The search terms used included ALL=(("trigeminal neuralgia" OR "tic douloureux" OR "Fothergill's disease" OR "Trifacial neuralgia") AND ("surgical treatment" OR "surgical management" OR "surgery" OR "neurosurgery") NOT ("radiosurgery" OR "gamma knife")). The extracted variables included the first and senior author names, journal, publication year, institution, and surgical modality. RESULTS: Our bibliometric search yielded 2104 studies, with 41,502 citations overall. Within the top 100 articles, Zakrzewska had the most first author papers (n = 5), and Burchiel had the most senior author papers (n = 6). The Massachusetts General Hospital was the most represented institution (n = 5). The United States was the most represented country (51%). Microvascular decompression was the most studied surgical strategy (51%), followed by percutaneous radiofrequency coagulation (9%), balloon/nerve compression (7%), and glycerol rhizolysis (7%). Some studies assessed multiple treatment modalities (22%). The types of studies included retrospective articles (58%), prospective articles (26%), reviews (10%), anatomic studies (2%), and basic science (1%). Neurosurgery (35%) and the Journal of Neurosurgery (33%) were the most represented journals. CONCLUSIONS: The current literature consists of retrospective reviews and mostly describes microvascular decompression for trigeminal neuralgia. Future studies should include further characterization of other surgical modalities such as percutaneous radiofrequency thermocoagulation, glycerol injection, and balloon compression.

Angiographic Features of Meningiomas Predicting Extent of Preoperative Embolization.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Preoperative embolization is used as an endovascular adjunct to surgical resection of meningiomas. However, there is no standardized system to assess the efficacy or extent of embolization during the embolization procedure. We sought to establish a purely angiographic grading system to facilitate consistent reporting of the outcome of meningioma embolization and to characterize the anatomic and other features of meningiomas that predict the degree of devascularization achieved through preoperative embolization. METHODS: We identified patients with meningiomas who underwent preoperative cerebral angiography and subsequent resection between 2015 and 2021. Demographic, clinical, and imaging data were collected in a research registry. We defined an angiographic devascularization grading scale as follows: grade 0 for no embolization, 1 for partial embolization, 2 for majority embolization, 3 for complete external carotid artery embolization, and 4 for complete embolization. RESULTS: Eighty consecutive patients were included, 60 of whom underwent preoperative tumor embolization (20 underwent angiography with an intention to treat but ultimately not embolization). Embolized tumors were larger (59.0 vs 35.9 cc; P = .03). Gross total resection, length of stay, and complication rates did not differ among groups. The distribution of arterial feeders differed significantly across tumors in a location-specific manner. Both the tumor location and the identity of arterial feeders were predictive of the extent of embolization. Anterior midline meningiomas were associated with internal carotid (ophthalmic, ethmoidal) supply and lower devascularization grades (P = .03). Tumors fed by meningeal feeders (convexity, falcine, lateral sphenoid wing) were associated with higher devascularization grades (P < .01). The procedural complication rate for tumor embolization was 2.5%. CONCLUSION: Angiographic outcomes can be graded to indicate the extent of tumor embolization. This system may facilitate consistency of reported angiographic results. In addition, arterial feeders vary in a manner predicted by tumor location, and these patterns correlate with typical degrees of devascularization achieved in those tumor locations.

Breaking boundaries through Doctors Reaching Minority Men Exploring Neuroscience: a mentorship model to foster a pipeline for underrepresented minorities.

OBJECTIVE: In 2015, the Association of American Medical Colleges report titled "Altering the Course: Black Males in Medicine" showed a decline in the number of Black men matriculating into medical school. To alter this trend, the authors' hypothesis was that formally exposing Black men to the clinical neurosciences during high school would enhance their chances of entering the physician workforce. For this reason, in 2007, the Doctors Reaching Minority Men Exploring Neuroscience (DR. MMEN) program was established at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. The program aimed to provide early exposure, mentorship, and inspiration to high school-age Black and Latinx men. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of the DR. MMEN program in the context of the recent race and ethnicity trends among medical school matriculants (MSMs). METHODS: Association of American Medical Colleges data on MSMs stratified by race and ethnicity were reviewed for the period between 2015 and 2020. Data pertinent to the academic achievements of DR. MMEN participants, such as matriculation to college and/or medical school, were prospectively tracked and incorporated with mixed-methods exit assessment data. Qualitative responses were coded and analyzed using a thematic concept analysis method. RESULTS: Over the study period, the increase of MSMs in the US was 1.0% and 1.7% for Black and Latinx individuals, respectively. Changes for the male MSM cohort were negligible: 0.3% for Black and 0.7% for Latinx. With respect to DR. MMEN, 42% of participants from 2017 to 2019 earned college scholarships, and 25% of students from the 2017-2018 cohort matriculated to a combined college-medical program. Survey data showed that 100% of DR. MMEN participants found the program useful. Analysis of qualitative data revealed that participants considered pursuing a career in neurosurgery or in another medical field. Diligence and a passion for medicine were identified as the top two most important lessons in the program, and witnessing patient satisfaction and observing a neurosurgery operation were described as the most important experiences. Participants considered availability to give advice and feedback and a passion for teaching as the principal attributes of their mentors. CONCLUSIONS: Over the past 6 years, the slight increase in Black and Latinx MSMs has not been significant enough to remedy ethnoracial disparities among MSMs. In particular, Black male matriculation to medical school has remained stagnant. The DR. MMEN program is a promising model to inspire young scholars and improve diversity within neuroscience and medicine at large.

The Knosp Criteria Revisited: 3-Dimensional Volumetric Analysis as a Predictive Tool for Extent of Resection in Complex Endoscopic Pituitary Surgery.

BACKGROUND: The Knosp criteria have been the historical standard for predicting cavernous sinus invasion, and therefore extent of surgical resection, of pituitary macroadenomas. Few studies have sought to reappraise the utility of this tool after recent advances in visualization and modeling of tumors in complex endoscopic surgery. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate our proposed alternative method, using 3-dimensional (3D) volumetric imaging, and whether it can better predict extent of resection in nonfunctional pituitary adenomas. METHODS: Patients who underwent endoscopic transsphenoidal resection of pituitary macroadenomas at our institution were reviewed. Information was collected on neurological, endocrine, and visual function. Volumetric segmentation was performed using 3D Slicer software. Relationship of tumor volume, clinical features, and Knosp grade on extent of resection was examined. RESULTS: One hundred forty patients were identified who had transsphenoidal resection of nonfunctional pituitary adenomas. Macroadenomas had a median volume of 6 cm 3 (IQR 3.4-8.7), and 17% had a unilateral Knosp grade of at least 3B. On multiple logistic regression, only smaller log-transformed preoperative tumor volume was independently associated with increased odds of gross total resection (GTR; odds ratio: 0.27, 95% CI: 0.07-0.89, P < .05) when controlling for tumor proliferative status, age, and sex (area under the curve 0.67). The Knosp criteria did not independently predict GTR in this cohort ( P > .05, area under the curve 0.46). CONCLUSION: Increasing use of volumetric 3D imaging may better anticipate extent of resection compared with the Knosp grade metric and may have a greater positive predictive value for GTR. More research is needed to validate these findings and implement them using automated methods.

External Ventricular Drain Training in Medical Students Improves Procedural Accuracy and Attitudes Toward Virtual Reality.

OBJECTIVE: Neurosurgery residents face a learning curve at the beginning of residency. Virtual reality (VR) training may alleviate challenges through an accessible, reusable, anatomical model. METHODS: Medical students performed external ventricular drain placements in VR to characterize the learning curve from novice to proficient. Distance from catheter to foramen of Monro and location with respect to ventricle were recorded. Changes in attitudes toward VR were assessed. Neurosurgery residents performed external ventricular drain placements to validate proficiency benchmarks. Resident and student impressions of the VR model were compared. RESULTS: Twenty-one students with no neurosurgical experience and 8 neurosurgery residents participated. Student performance improved significantly from trial 1 to 3 (15 mm [12.1-20.70] vs. 9.7 [5.8-15.3], P = 0.02). Student attitudes regarding VR utility improved significantly posttrial. The distance to foramen of Monro was significantly shorter for residents than for students in trial 1 (9.05 [8.25-10.73] vs. 15 [12.1-20.70], P = 0.007) and trial 2 (7.45 [6.43-8.3] vs. 19.5 [10.9-27.6], P = 0.002). By trial 3 there was no significant difference (10.1 [8.63-10.95 vs. 9.7 [5.8-15.3], P = 0.62). Residents and students provided similarly positive feedback for VR in resident curricula, patient consent, preoperative practice and planning. Residents provided more neutral-to-negative feedback regarding skill development, model fidelity, instrument movement, and haptic feedback. CONCLUSIONS: Students showed significant improvement in procedural efficacy which may simulate resident experiential learning. Improvements in fidelity are needed before VR can become a preferred training technique in neurosurgery.