Engineered Microencapsulated Lactoferrin Nanoconjugates for Oral Targeted Treatment of Colon Cancer.

Despite current progress in the development of targeted therapies for cancer treatment, there is a lack in convenient therapeutics for colorectal cancer (CRC). Lactoferrin nanoparticles (Lf NPs) are a promising drug delivery system in cancer therapy. However, numerous obstacles impede their oral delivery, including instability against stomach enzymes and premature uptake during passage through the small intestine. Microencapsulation of Lf NPs offer a great solution for these obstacles. It can protect Lf NPs and their drug payloads from degradation in the upper gastrointestinal tract (GIT), reduce burst drug release, and improve the release profile of the encapsulated NPs triggered by stimuli in the colon. Here, we developed nanoparticle-in-microparticle delivery systems (NIMDs) for the oral delivery of docetaxel (DTX) and atorvastatin (ATR). The NPs were obtained by dual conjugation of DTX and ATR into the Lf backbone, which was further microencapsulated into calcium-crosslinked microparticles using polysaccharide-protein hybrid copolymers. The NIMDs showed no detectable drug release in the upper GIT compared to NPs. Furthermore, sustained release of the NPs from the NIMDs in rat cecal content was observed. Moreover, the in vivo study demonstrated the superiority of the NIMDs over NPs in CRC treatment by suppressing p-AKT, p-ERK1/2, and NF-κB. This study provides the proof of concept for using NIMDs to enhance the effect of protein NPs in CRC treatment.

Spiro heterocycles bearing piperidine moiety as potential scaffold for antileishmanial activity: synthesis, biological evaluation, and in silico studies.

New spiro-piperidine derivatives were synthesised via the eco-friendly ionic liquids in a one-pot fashion. The in vitro antileishmanial activity against Leishmania major promastigote and amastigote forms highlighted promising antileishmanial activity for most of the derivatives, with superior activity compared to miltefosine. The most active compounds 8a and 9a exhibited sub-micromolar range of activity, with IC50 values of 0.89 µM and 0.50 µM, respectively, compared to 8.08 µM of miltefosine. Furthermore, the antileishmanial activity reversal of these compounds via folic and folinic acids displayed comparable results to the positive control trimethoprim. This emphasises that their antileishmanial activity is through the antifolate mechanism via targeting DHFR and PTR1. The most active compounds showed superior selectivity and safety profile compared to miltefosine against VERO cells. Moreover, the docking experiments of 8a and 9a against Lm-PTR1 rationalised the observed in vitro activities. Molecular dynamics simulations confirmed a stable and high potential binding to Lm-PTR1.

Marine Fish-Derived Lysophosphatidylcholine: Properties, Extraction, Quantification, and Brain Health Application.

Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids esterified in lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC-omega-3) are the most bioavailable omega-3 fatty acid form and are considered important for brain health. Lysophosphatidylcholine is a hydrolyzed phospholipid that is generated from the action of either phospholipase PLA1 or PLA2. There are two types of LPC; 1-LPC (where the omega-3 fatty acid at the sn-2 position is acylated) and 2-LPC (where the omega-3 fatty acid at the sn-1 position is acylated). The 2-LPC type is more highly bioavailable to the brain than the 1-LPC type. Given the biological and health aspects of LPC types, it is important to understand the structure, properties, extraction, quantification, functional role, and effect of the processing of LPC. This review examines various aspects involved in the extraction, characterization, and quantification of LPC. Further, the effects of processing methods on LPC and the potential biological roles of LPC in health and wellbeing are discussed. DHA-rich-LysoPLs, including LPC, can be enzymatically produced using lipases and phospholipases from wide microbial strains, and the highest yields were obtained by Lipozyme RM-IM®, Lipozyme TL-IM®, and Novozym 435®. Terrestrial-based phospholipids generally contain lower levels of long-chain omega-3 PUFAs, and therefore, they are considered less effective in providing the same health benefits as marine-based LPC. Processing (e.g., thermal, fermentation, and freezing) reduces the PL in fish. LPC containing omega-3 PUFA, mainly DHA (C22:6 omega-3) and eicosapentaenoic acid EPA (C20:5 omega-3) play important role in brain development and neuronal cell growth. Additionally, they have been implicated in supporting treatment programs for depression and Alzheimer's. These activities appear to be facilitated by the acute function of a major facilitator superfamily domain-containing protein 2 (Mfsd2a), expressed in BBB endothelium, as a chief transporter for LPC-DHA uptake to the brain. LPC-based delivery systems also provide the opportunity to improve the properties of some bioactive compounds during storage and absorption. Overall, LPCs have great potential for improving brain health, but their safety and potentially negative effects should also be taken into consideration.

New pyrazolylpyrazoline derivatives as dual acting antimalarial-antileishamanial agents: synthesis, biological evaluation and molecular modelling simulations.

Promising inhibitory activities of the parasite multiplication were obtained upon evaluation of in vivo antimalarial activities of new pyrazolylpyrazoline derivatives against Plasmodium berghei infected mice. Further evaluation of 5b and 6a against chloroquine-resistant strain (RKL9) of P. falciparum showed higher potency than chloroquine. In vitro antileishmanial activity testing against Leishmania aethiopica promastigote and amastigote forms indicated that 5b, 6a and 7b possessed promising activity compared to miltefosine and amphotericin B deoxycholate. Moreover, antileishmanial activity reversal of the active compounds via folic and folinic acids showed comparable results to the positive control trimethoprim, indicating an antifolate mechanism via targeting leishmanial DHFR and PTR1. The compounds were non-toxic at 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg. In addition, docking of the most active compound against putative malarial target Pf-DHFR-TS and leishmanial PTR1 rationalised the observed activities. Molecular dynamics simulations confirmed a stable and high potential binding of 7a against leishmanial PTR1.

Design and synthesis of 2-Substituted-4-benzyl-5-methylimidazoles as new potential Anti-breast cancer agents to inhibit oncogenic STAT3 functions.

STAT3 signaling is known to be associated with tumorigenesis and further cancer cell-intrinsic activation of STAT3 leads to altered regulation of several oncogenic processes. Given the importance of STAT3 in cancer development and progression particularly breast cancer, it is crucial to discover new chemical entities of STAT3 inhibitor to develop anti-breast cancer drug candidates. Herein, 4-benzyl-2-benzylthio-5-methyl-1H-imidazole (2a) and 4-benzyl-5-methyl-2-[(2,6-difluorobenzyl)thio]-1H-imidazole (2d) from a group of thirty imidazole-bearing compounds showed greater STAT3 inhibition than their lead compounds VS1 and the oxadiazole derivative MD77. Within all tested compounds, ten derivatives effectively inhibited the growth of the two tested breast cancer cells with IC50 values ranging from 6.66 to 26.02 µM. In addition, the most potent derivatives 2a and 2d inhibited the oncogenic function of STAT3 as seen in the inhibition of colony formation and IL-6 production of breast cancer cell lines. Modeling studies provided evidence for the possible interactions of the synthesized compounds with the key residues of the STAT3-SH2 domain. Collectively, our present study suggests 2-substituted-4-benzyl-5-methylimidazoles are a new class of anti-cancer drug candidates to inhibit oncogenic STAT3 function.

Design, synthesis, biological evaluation and in silico studies of certain aryl sulfonyl hydrazones conjugated with 1,3-diaryl pyrazoles as potent metallo-ß-lactamase inhibitors.

Based on a structure-guided approach, aryl sulfonyl hydrazones conjugated with 1,3-diaryl pyrazoles were designed to target metallo-ß-lactamases (MBLs), using Klebsiella pneumoniaeNDM-1 as a model. The in vitro MBLs inhibition showed remarkable inhibition constant for most of the designed compounds at a low micromolar range (1.5-16.4 µM) against NDM-1, IMP-1 and AIM-1 MBLs. Furthermore, all compounds showed promising antibacterial activity against (K+, K1-K9) resistant clinical isolates of K. pneumoniae and were able to re-sensitize resistant K. pneumoniae (K5) strain towards meropenem and cefalexin. Besides, in vivo toxicity testing exhibited that the most active compound was non-toxic and well tolerated by the experimental animals orally up to 350 mg/kg and up to 125 mg/kg parenterally. The docking experiments on NDM-1 and IMP-1 rationalized the observed in vitro MBLs inhibition activity. Generally, this work presents a fruitful matrix to extend the chemical space for MBLs inhibition. This aids in tackling drug-resistance issues in antibacterial treatment.

PHNQ from Evechinus chloroticus Sea Urchin Supplemented with Calcium Promotes Mineralization in Saos-2 Human Bone Cell Line.

Polyhydroxylated naphthoquinones (PHNQs), known as spinochromes that can be extracted from sea urchins, are bioactive compounds reported to have medicinal properties and antioxidant activity. The MTT (3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) cell viability assay showed that pure echinochrome A exhibited a cytotoxic effect on Saos-2 cells in a dose-dependent manner within the test concentration range (15.625-65.5 µg/mL). The PHNQ extract from New Zealand sea urchin Evechinus chloroticus did not induce any cytotoxicity within the same concentration range after 21 days of incubation. Adding calcium chloride (CaCl2) with echinochrome A increased the number of viable cells, but when CaCl2 was added with the PHNQs, cell viability decreased. The effect of PHNQs extracted on mineralized nodule formation in Saos-2 cells was investigated using xylenol orange and von Kossa staining methods. Echinochrome A decreased the mineralized nodule formation significantly (p < 0.05), while nodule formation was not affected in the PHNQ treatment group. A significant (p < 0.05) increase in mineralization was observed in the presence of PHNQs (62.5 µg/mL) supplemented with 1.5 mM CaCl2. In conclusion, the results indicate that PHNQs have the potential to improve the formation of bone mineral phase in vitro, and future research in an animal model is warranted.

Design, synthesis and molecular modeling studies of new series of s-triazine derivatives as antimicrobial agents against multi-drug resistant clinical isolates.

Three novel series of s-triazine derivatives, including thirty-five new compounds 2a-d, 3a-3p, 4b-d, 5b-d, 6d-6d, and 7a-7f were synthesized comprising a diversity of substituents based on the structure of Astrazeneca arylaminotriazine DNA gyrase B inhibitor. The antimicrobial activity was determined for all compounds against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans using the two-fold serial dilution technique and against reference standards Ampicillin for the antibacterial screening and Clotrimazole regarding the antifungal evaluation. The tested compounds showed strong to moderate antibacterial inhibitory action and weak antifungal activity. Compounds 3j and 6b were the most potent antibacterial agents against the tested strains and multi-drug resistant (MDR) clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae and methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA1) with minimal toxicity in comparison to the reference drugs. In silico molecular properties calculations and molecular docking study for 3j and 6b revealed that both compounds could be considered as promising antibacterial DNA gyrase B inhibitors.

Lactobionic/Folate Dual-Targeted Amphiphilic Maltodextrin-Based Micelles for Targeted Codelivery of Sulfasalazine and Resveratrol to Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

In this study, promising approaches of dual-targeted micelles and drug-polymer conjugation were combined to enable injection of poorly soluble anticancer drugs together with site-specific drug release. Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) as a hepatoprotective agent was grafted to maltodextrin (MD) via carbodiimide coupling to develop amphiphilic maltodextrin-ursodeoxycholic acid (MDCA)-based micelles. Sulfasalazine (SSZ), as a novel anticancer agent, was conjugated via a tumor-cleavable ester bond to MD backbone to obtain tumor-specific release, whereas resveratrol (RSV) was physically entrapped within the hydrophobic micellar core. For maximal tumor-targeting, both folic acid (FA) and lactobionic acid (LA) were coupled to the surface of micelles to obtain dual-targeted micelles. The decrease of critical micelle concentration (CMC) from 0.012 to 0.006 mg/mL declares the significance of a dual hydrophobicized core of micelles by both UDCA and SSZ. The dual-targeted micelles showed a great hemocompatibility, as well as enhanced cytotoxicity and internalization into HepG-2 liver cancer cells via binding to overexpressed folate and asialoglycoprotein receptors. In vivo, the micelles demonstrated superior antitumor effects revealed as reduction in the liver/body weight ratio, inhibition of angiogenesis, and enhanced apoptosis. Overall, combined strategies of dual active targeted micelles with bioresponsive drug conjugation could be utilized as a promising approach for tumor-targeted drug delivery.

Synthesis, biological evaluation and molecular modeling of novel thienopyrimidinone and triazolothienopyrimidinone derivatives as dual anti-inflammatory antimicrobial agents.

New thienopyrimidinone and triazolothienopyrimidinone derivatives have been synthesized. These compounds were subjected to anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activity screening aiming to identify new candidates that have dual anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities. Compounds 5, 7 and 10a showed minimal ulcerogenic effect and high selectivity towards human recombinant COX-2 over COX-1 enzyme. Their docking outcome correlated with their biological activity and assured the high selectivity binding towards COX-2. In addition, they could act safely up to 80 mg/kg orally or 40 mg/kg parentrally. The antimicrobial screening showed that compound 10a displayed distinctive inhibitory effect on the growth of Escherichia coli comparable to that of ampicillin. Moreover, compounds 5, 7, 9 and 12a possessed 50% of the inhibitory activity of ampicillin against E. coli. Thus, compounds 5, 7 and 10a represent promising dual acting anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial agents. This work provides rewarding template enriching the chemical space for dual anti-inflammatory anti-microbial activities.

Study of antileishmanial activity of 2-aminobenzoyl amino acid hydrazides and their quinazoline derivatives.

A new small library of 2-aminobenzoyl amino acid hydrazide derivatives and quinazolinones derivatives was synthesized and fully characterized by IR, NMR, and elemental analysis. The activity of the prepared compounds on the growth of Leishmania aethiopica promastigotes was evaluated. 2-Benzoyl amino acid hydrazide showed higher inhibitory effect than the quinazoline counterpart. The in vitro antipromastigote activity demonstrated that compounds 2a, 2b, 2f and 4a had IC50 better than standard drug miltefosine and comparable activity to amphotericin B deoxycholate, which indicates their high antileishmanial activity against Leishmania. aethiopica. Among the prepared compounds; 2-amino-N-(6-hydrazinyl-6-oxohexyl)benzamide 2f (IC50=0.051µM) has the best activity, 154 folds more active than reference standard drug miltefosine (IC50=7.832µM), and half fold the activity of amphotericin B (IC50=0.035µM). In addition, this compound was safe and well tolerated by experimental animals orally up to 250mg/kg and parenterally up to 100mg/kg.

α-Ketoamino acid ester derivatives as promising MAO inhibitors.

α-Ketoamino acid ester 2-[2-(2-acetamidophenyl)-2-oxoacetamido] and 2-[4-(2-(2-acetamidophenyl)-2-oxoacetamido)benzamido] derivatives were synthesized via the ring opening of N-acetylisatin under mild conditions. These compounds were then examined for their capacity to inhibit monoamine oxidase (MAO). The inhibition profile was found to be competitive for compounds 4d, 6a, 6b and 6f, which showed MAO-A selectivity. Observation of the docked positions of these compounds revealed interactions with many residues previously reported to have an effect on the inhibition of the enzyme. Our findings indicate that the members of this family of α-ketoamino acid esters are promising MAO inhibitors.

Synthesis and evaluation of quinazoline amino acid derivatives as mono amine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors.

A series of quinazolinone amino acid ester and quinazolinone amino acid hydrazides were prepared under microwave irradiation as well as conventional condition. The microwave irradiation afforded the product in less reaction time, higher yield and purity. The structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed by IR, NMR, and elemental analysis. The new synthesized compounds were studied for their monoamine oxidase inhibitory activity. They showed more selective inhibitory activity toward MAO-A than MAO-B. Compounds 7, 10, and 15 showed MAO-A inhibition activity (IC50=3.6×10(-9), 2.8×10(-9), 2.1×10(-9) M, respectively) comparable to that of the standard clorgyline (IC50=2.9×10(-9)M). 2-(2-(Benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)-4-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinazolin-3(4H)-yl)acetohydrazide 15 showed selective MAO-A inhibition activity (SI=39524) superior to that of the standard clorgyline (SI=33793). The acute toxicity of the synthesized compounds was determined. In addition, computer-assisted simulated docking experiments were performed to rationalize the biological activity.

Antibacterial products of marine organisms.

Marine organisms comprising microbes, plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates elaborate an impressive array of structurally diverse antimicrobial products ranging from small cyclic compounds to macromolecules such as proteins. Some of these biomolecules originate directly from marine animals while others arise from microbes associated with the animals. It is noteworthy that some of the biomolecules referred to above are structurally unique while others belong to known classes of compounds, peptides, and proteins. Some of the antibacterial agents are more active against Gram-positive bacteria while others have higher effectiveness on Gram-negative bacteria. Some are efficacious against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and against drug-resistant strains as well. The mechanism of antibacterial action of a large number of the chemically identified antibacterial agents, possible synergism with currently used antibiotics, and the issue of possible toxicity on mammalian cells and tissues await elucidation. The structural characteristics pivotal to antibacterial activity have been ascertained in only a few studies. Demonstration of efficacy of the antibacterial agents in animal models of bacterial infection is highly desirable. Structural characterization of the active principles present in aqueous and organic extracts of marine organisms with reportedly antibacterial activity would be desirable.

Synthesis and Preliminary Biological Evaluation of 1,3,5-Triazine Amino Acid Derivatives to Study Their MAO Inhibitors.

Three series of 4,6-dimethoxy-, 4,6-dipiperidino- and 4,6-dimorpholino-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl) amino acid derivatives were synthesized and characterized. A preliminary study for their monoamine oxidase inhibitory activity showed that compounds 7, 18, and 25 had MAO-A inhibition activity comparable to that of the standard clorgyline, with apparently more selective inhibitory activity toward MAO-A than MAO-B and no significant acute toxicity.

Exogenous proteases for meat tenderization.

The use of exogenous proteases to improve meat tenderness has attracted much interest recently, with a view to consistent production of tender meat and added value to lower grade meat cuts. This review discusses the sources, characteristics, and use of exogenous proteases in meat tenderization to highlight the specificity of the proteases toward meat proteins and their impact on meat quality. Plant enzymes (such as papain, bromelain, and ficin) have been extensively investigated as meat tenderizers. New plant proteases (actinidin and zingibain) and microbial enzyme preparations have been of recent interest due to controlled meat tenderization and other advantages. Successful use of these enzymes in fresh meat requires their enzymatic kinetics and characteristics to be determined, together with an understanding of the impact of the surrounding environmental conditions of the meat (pH, temperature) on enzyme function. This enables the optimal conditions for tenderizing fresh meat to be established, and the elimination or reduction of any negative impacts on other quality attributes.

Antifungal and antiviral products of marine organisms.

Marine organisms including bacteria, fungi, algae, sponges, echinoderms, mollusks, and cephalochordates produce a variety of products with antifungal activity including bacterial chitinases, lipopeptides, and lactones; fungal (-)-sclerotiorin and peptaibols, purpurides B and C, berkedrimane B and purpuride; algal gambieric acids A and B, phlorotannins; 3,5-dibromo-2-(3,5-dibromo-2-methoxyphenoxy)phenol, spongistatin 1, eurysterols A and B, nortetillapyrone, bromotyrosine alkaloids, bis-indole alkaloid, ageloxime B and (-)-ageloxime D, haliscosamine, hamigeran G, hippolachnin A from sponges; echinoderm triterpene glycosides and alkene sulfates; molluscan kahalalide F and a 1485-Da peptide with a sequence SRSELIVHQR; and cepalochordate chitotriosidase and a 5026.9-Da antifungal peptide. The antiviral compounds from marine organisms include bacterial polysaccharide and furan-2-yl acetate; fungal macrolide, purpurester A, purpurquinone B, isoindolone derivatives, alterporriol Q, tetrahydroaltersolanol C and asperterrestide A, algal diterpenes, xylogalactofucan, alginic acid, glycolipid sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol, sulfated polysaccharide p-KG03, meroditerpenoids, methyl ester derivative of vatomaric acid, lectins, polysaccharides, tannins, cnidarian zoanthoxanthin alkaloids, norditerpenoid and capilloquinol; crustacean antilipopolysaccharide factors, molluscan hemocyanin; echinoderm triterpenoid glycosides; tunicate didemnin B, tamandarins A and B and; tilapia hepcidin 1-5 (TH 1-5), seabream SauMx1, SauMx2, and SauMx3, and orange-spotted grouper ß-defensin. Although the mechanisms of antifungal and antiviral activities of only some of the aforementioned compounds have been elucidated, the possibility to use those known to have distinctly different mechanisms, good bioavailability, and minimal toxicity in combination therapy remains to be investigated. It is also worthwhile to test the marine antimicrobials for possible synergism with existing drugs. The prospects of employing them in clinical practice are promising in view of the wealth of these compounds from marine organisms. The compounds may also be used in agriculture and the food industry.

New antileishmanial quinoline linked isatin derivatives targeting DHFR-TS and PTR1: Design, synthesis, and molecular modeling studies.

In a search for new drug candidates for one of the neglected tropical diseases, leishmaniasis, twenty quinoline-isatin hybrids were synthesized and tested for their in vitro antileishmanial activity against Leishmaniamajor strain. All the synthesized compounds showed promising in vitro activity against the promastigote form in a low micromolar range (IC50 = 0.5084-5.9486 µM) superior to the reference miltefosine (IC50 = 7.8976 µM). All the target compounds were then tested against the intracellular amastigote form and showed promising inhibition effects (IC50 = 0.60442-8.2948 µM versus 8.08 µM for miltefosine). Compounds 4e, 4b and 4f were shown to possess the highest antileishmanial activity against both promastigote and amastigote forms. The most active compounds were proven to exhibit their significant antileishmanial effects through antifolate mechanism, targeting DHFR-TS and PTR1. To evaluate the safety profile of the most active derivatives 4e, 4b and 4f, the in vitro cytotoxicity test was carried out and displayed higher selectivity indices than the reference miltefosine. Molecular docking within putative target protein PTR1 confirmed the high potentiality of the most active compounds 4e, 4b and 4f to block the catalytic activity of Lm-PTR1.

Engineered Sericin-Tagged Layered Double Hydroxides for Combined Delivery of Pemetrexed and ZnO Quantum Dots as Biocompatible Cancer Nanotheranostics.

AIM: Despite extensive progress in the field of cancer nanotheranostics, clinical development of biocompatible theranostic nanomedicine remains a formidable challenge. Herein, we engineered biocompatible silk-sericin-tagged inorganic nanohybrids for efficient treatment and imaging of cancer cells. The developed nanocarriers are anticipated to overcome the premature release of the chemotherapeutic drug pemetrexed (PMX), enhance the colloidal stability of layered double hydroxides (LDHs), and maintain the luminescence properties of ZnO quantum dots (QDs). Materials and Methods: PMX-intercalated LDHs were modified with sericin and coupled to ZnO QDs for therapy and imaging of breast cancer cells. Results: The optimized nanomedicine demonstrated a sustained release profile of PMX, and high cytotoxicity against MDA-MB-231 cells compared to free PMX. In addition, high cellular uptake of the engineered nanocarriers into MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells was accomplished. Conclusions: Conclusively, the LDH-sericin nanohybrids loaded with PMX and conjugated to ZnO QDs offered a promising cancer theranostic nanomedicine.

Combined Cancer Immunotheranostic Nanomedicines: Delivery Technologies and Therapeutic Outcomes.

Cancer is among the main causes of mortality all over the world. The delayed diagnosis is directly related to the decrease in survival rate. The use of immunotherapy has dramatically changed the treatment outcomes of different types of cancers. However, many patients still do not respond to immunotherapies, and many also suffer from severe immune-related side effects. Recent advances in the fields of nanomedicine bioengineering and in particular imaging offered new approaches which can enhance not only the safety but also the efficacy of immunotherapy. Theranostics has showed great progress as a branch of medicine which integrates both diagnosis and therapy in a single system. The outcomes from animal studies demonstrated an improvement in the diagnostic and immunotherapeutic potential of nanoparticles within the theranostic framework. Herein, we discuss the most recent developments in the application of nanotheranostics for combining tumor imaging and cancer immunotherapies.